Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 8/2007

01-09-2007 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Slowing Down Presentation of Facial Movements and Vocal Sounds Enhances Facial Expression Recognition and Induces Facial–Vocal Imitation in Children with Autism

Auteurs: Carole Tardif, France Lainé, Mélissa Rodriguez, Bruno Gepner

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 8/2007

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

This study examined the effects of slowing down presentation of facial expressions and their corresponding vocal sounds on facial expression recognition and facial and/or vocal imitation in children with autism. Twelve autistic children and twenty-four normal control children were presented with emotional and non-emotional facial expressions on CD-Rom, under audio or silent conditions, and under dynamic visual conditions (slowly, very slowly, at normal speed) plus a static control. Overall, children with autism showed lower performance in expression recognition and more induced facial–vocal imitation than controls. In the autistic group, facial expression recognition and induced facial–vocal imitation were significantly enhanced in slow conditions. Findings may give new perspectives for understanding and intervention for verbal and emotional perceptive and communicative impairments in autistic populations.
Voetnoten
1
The TVAP (Active and Passive Vocabulary Test) is a french vocabulary test. It is made up of 30 sets of five pictures. These pictures represent either objects or actions. This test is divided in two subtests (Active and PassiveVocabulary subtests). In the Passive vocabulary subtest, the experimenter asks the child to point to one of the five pictures. This subtest assesses verbal comprehension level. In the Active Vocabulary subtest, the experimenter asks the child to give a definition of one of the five pictures. This subtest assesses verbal expression level. In our study, children with autism were matched with typically developing children using the passive Vocabulary subtest only.
 
Literatuur
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV). 4th ed. Washington DC: APA. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV). 4th ed. Washington DC: APA.
go back to reference Babiloni, C., Bares, M., Vecchio, F., Brazdil, M., Jurak, P., Moretti, D. V., Ubaldi, A., Rossini, P. M., & Rektor, I. (2004). Synchronization of gamma oscillations increases functional connectivity of human hippocampus and inferior-middle temporal cortex during repetitive visuomotor events. European Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 3088–3098.PubMed Babiloni, C., Bares, M., Vecchio, F., Brazdil, M., Jurak, P., Moretti, D. V., Ubaldi, A., Rossini, P. M., & Rektor, I. (2004). Synchronization of gamma oscillations increases functional connectivity of human hippocampus and inferior-middle temporal cortex during repetitive visuomotor events. European Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 3088–3098.PubMed
go back to reference Bailey, A., Luthert, P., Dean, A., Harding, B., Janota, I., Montgomery, M., Rutter, M., & Lantos, P. (1998). A clinicopathological study of autism. Brain, 121, 889–905.PubMed Bailey, A., Luthert, P., Dean, A., Harding, B., Janota, I., Montgomery, M., Rutter, M., & Lantos, P. (1998). A clinicopathological study of autism. Brain, 121, 889–905.PubMed
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Campbell, R., Karmiloff-Smith, A., & Grant, J. (1995). Are children with autism blind to the mentalistic significance of the eyes? British Journal of Devevelopmental Psychology, 13, 379–398. Baron-Cohen, S., Campbell, R., Karmiloff-Smith, A., & Grant, J. (1995). Are children with autism blind to the mentalistic significance of the eyes? British Journal of Devevelopmental Psychology, 13, 379–398.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H., Bullmore, E., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., & Williams, S. (2000). The amygdala theory of autism. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review, 24, 355–364. Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H., Bullmore, E., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., & Williams, S. (2000). The amygdala theory of autism. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review, 24, 355–364.
go back to reference Bassili, J. N. (1979). Emotion recognition: the role of facial movement and the relative importance of upper and lower areas of the face. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2049–2058.PubMed Bassili, J. N. (1979). Emotion recognition: the role of facial movement and the relative importance of upper and lower areas of the face. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2049–2058.PubMed
go back to reference Belmonte, M. K., Allen, G., Beckel-Mitchener, A., Boulanger, L. M., Carper, R. A., & Webb, S. J. (2004). Autism and abnormal development of brain connectivity. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 9228–9231.PubMed Belmonte, M. K., Allen, G., Beckel-Mitchener, A., Boulanger, L. M., Carper, R. A., & Webb, S. J. (2004). Autism and abnormal development of brain connectivity. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 9228–9231.PubMed
go back to reference Bertone, A., Mottron, L., Jelenic, P., & Faubert, J. (2003). Motion perception in autism: a complex issue? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 218–225.PubMed Bertone, A., Mottron, L., Jelenic, P., & Faubert, J. (2003). Motion perception in autism: a complex issue? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 218–225.PubMed
go back to reference Blake, R., Turner, L. M., Smoski, M. J., Pozdol, S. L., & Stone, W. L. (2003). Visual recognition of biological motion is impaired in children with autism. Psychological Science, 14, 151–157.PubMed Blake, R., Turner, L. M., Smoski, M. J., Pozdol, S. L., & Stone, W. L. (2003). Visual recognition of biological motion is impaired in children with autism. Psychological Science, 14, 151–157.PubMed
go back to reference Borgers, C., & Kopell, N. (2003). Synchronization in networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons with sparse, random connectivity. Neural Computers, 15, 509–538. Borgers, C., & Kopell, N. (2003). Synchronization in networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons with sparse, random connectivity. Neural Computers, 15, 509–538.
go back to reference Boucher, J., & Lewis, V. (1992). Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 843–859.PubMed Boucher, J., & Lewis, V. (1992). Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 843–859.PubMed
go back to reference Breakspear, M. (2004). “Dynamic” connectivity in neural systems: theoretical and empirical considerations. Neuroinformatics, 2, 205–226.PubMed Breakspear, M. (2004). “Dynamic” connectivity in neural systems: theoretical and empirical considerations. Neuroinformatics, 2, 205–226.PubMed
go back to reference Brock, J., Brown, C. C., Boucher, J., & Rippon, G. (2002). The temporal binding deficit hypothesis of autism. Developmental Psychopathology, 14, 209–224. Brock, J., Brown, C. C., Boucher, J., & Rippon, G. (2002). The temporal binding deficit hypothesis of autism. Developmental Psychopathology, 14, 209–224.
go back to reference Brown, C., Gruber, T., Boucher, J., Rippon, G., & Brock, J. (2005). Gamma abnormalities during perception of illusory figures in autism. Cortex, 41, 364–376.PubMed Brown, C., Gruber, T., Boucher, J., Rippon, G., & Brock, J. (2005). Gamma abnormalities during perception of illusory figures in autism. Cortex, 41, 364–376.PubMed
go back to reference Castelli, F., Frith, C., Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2002). Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes. Brain, 125, 1839–1849.PubMed Castelli, F., Frith, C., Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2002). Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes. Brain, 125, 1839–1849.PubMed
go back to reference Celani, G., Battacchi, M. W., & Arcidiacono, L. (1999). The understanding of the emotional meaning of facial expressions in people with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 57–66.PubMed Celani, G., Battacchi, M. W., & Arcidiacono, L. (1999). The understanding of the emotional meaning of facial expressions in people with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 57–66.PubMed
go back to reference Cohen, I. L. (1994). An artificial neural network analogue of learning in autism. Biological Psychiatry, 36, 5–20.PubMed Cohen, I. L. (1994). An artificial neural network analogue of learning in autism. Biological Psychiatry, 36, 5–20.PubMed
go back to reference Courchesne, E. (1997). Brainstem, cerebellar and limbic neuroanatomical abnormalities in autism. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 7, 269–278.PubMed Courchesne, E. (1997). Brainstem, cerebellar and limbic neuroanatomical abnormalities in autism. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 7, 269–278.PubMed
go back to reference Courchesne, E., Saitoh, O., Yeung-Courchesne, R., Press, G. A., Lincoln, A. J., Haas, R. H., & Schreibman, L. (1994). Abnormality of cerebellar vermian lobules VI and VII in patients with infantile autism: identification of hypoplastic and hyperplastic subgroups with MR imaging. American Journal of Roentgenology, 162, 123–130.PubMed Courchesne, E., Saitoh, O., Yeung-Courchesne, R., Press, G. A., Lincoln, A. J., Haas, R. H., & Schreibman, L. (1994). Abnormality of cerebellar vermian lobules VI and VII in patients with infantile autism: identification of hypoplastic and hyperplastic subgroups with MR imaging. American Journal of Roentgenology, 162, 123–130.PubMed
go back to reference Courchesne, E., & Pierce, K. (2005). Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: local over-connectivity but long-distance disonnection. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 225–230.PubMed Courchesne, E., & Pierce, K. (2005). Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: local over-connectivity but long-distance disonnection. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 225–230.PubMed
go back to reference Critchley, H. D., Daly, E. M., Bullmore, E. T., Williams, S. C., Van Amelsvoort, T., Robertson, D. M., Rowe, A., Phillips, M., Mcalonan, G., Howlin, P., & Murphy, D. G. (2000). The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour: changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions. Brain, 123, 2203–2212.PubMed Critchley, H. D., Daly, E. M., Bullmore, E. T., Williams, S. C., Van Amelsvoort, T., Robertson, D. M., Rowe, A., Phillips, M., Mcalonan, G., Howlin, P., & Murphy, D. G. (2000). The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour: changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions. Brain, 123, 2203–2212.PubMed
go back to reference Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., Alexander, A. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 519–526.PubMed Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., Alexander, A. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 519–526.PubMed
go back to reference Davies, S., Bishop, D., Manstead, A. S. R., & Tantam, D. (1994). Face perception in children with autism and Asperger’s syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1033–1057.PubMed Davies, S., Bishop, D., Manstead, A. S. R., & Tantam, D. (1994). Face perception in children with autism and Asperger’s syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1033–1057.PubMed
go back to reference Dawson, G., Webb, S. J., & Mc Partland, J. (2005). Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 403–424.PubMed Dawson, G., Webb, S. J., & Mc Partland, J. (2005). Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 403–424.PubMed
go back to reference De Gelder, B., Vroomen, J., & Van der Heide, L. (1991). Face recognition and lip-reading in autism. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 3, 69–86. De Gelder, B., Vroomen, J., & Van der Heide, L. (1991). Face recognition and lip-reading in autism. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 3, 69–86.
go back to reference Deltour, J. J., & Hupkens, D. (1981). Test de Vocabulaire Actif Passif, TVAP. Issy-les-Moulineaux: Éditions EAP. Deltour, J. J., & Hupkens, D. (1981). Test de Vocabulaire Actif Passif, TVAP. Issy-les-Moulineaux: Éditions EAP.
go back to reference Deruelle, C., Rondan, C., Gepner, B., & Tardif, C. (2004). Spatial frequency and face processing in children with autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 199–210.PubMed Deruelle, C., Rondan, C., Gepner, B., & Tardif, C. (2004). Spatial frequency and face processing in children with autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 199–210.PubMed
go back to reference Deruelle, C., Rondan, C., Gepner, B., & Fagot, J. (2006). Processing of compound visual stimuli by children with autism and Asperger syndrome. International Journal of Psychology, 41, 97–106. Deruelle, C., Rondan, C., Gepner, B., & Fagot, J. (2006). Processing of compound visual stimuli by children with autism and Asperger syndrome. International Journal of Psychology, 41, 97–106.
go back to reference Doya, K. (2000). Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum on learning and motor control. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 10, 732–739.PubMed Doya, K. (2000). Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum on learning and motor control. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 10, 732–739.PubMed
go back to reference Frith, U. (1989). Autism: explaining the enigma. Oxford, UK: Basic Blackwell. Frith, U. (1989). Autism: explaining the enigma. Oxford, UK: Basic Blackwell.
go back to reference Gepner, B., Mestre, D., Masson, G., & de Schonen, S. (1995). Postural effects of motion vision in young autistic children. NeuroReport, 6, 1211–1214.PubMed Gepner, B., Mestre, D., Masson, G., & de Schonen, S. (1995). Postural effects of motion vision in young autistic children. NeuroReport, 6, 1211–1214.PubMed
go back to reference Gepner, B., de Gelder, B., & de Schonen, S. (1996). Face processing in autistics: evidence for a generalized deficit? Child Neuropsychology, 2, 123–139. Gepner, B., de Gelder, B., & de Schonen, S. (1996). Face processing in autistics: evidence for a generalized deficit? Child Neuropsychology, 2, 123–139.
go back to reference Gepner, B. (1997). Face recognition and visual-motion perception in autistic children. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Université Aix-Marseille II. Gepner, B. (1997). Face recognition and visual-motion perception in autistic children. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Université Aix-Marseille II.
go back to reference Gepner, B. (2001). «Malvoyance» du mouvement dans l’autisme infantile? Une nouvelle approche neuropsychopathologique développementale. Psychiatrie de l’Enfant, 1, 77–126. Gepner, B. (2001). «Malvoyance» du mouvement dans l’autisme infantile? Une nouvelle approche neuropsychopathologique développementale. Psychiatrie de l’Enfant, 1, 77–126.
go back to reference Gepner, B., Deruelle, C., & Grynfeltt, S. (2001). Motion and emotion: a novel approach to the study of face processing by autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 37–45.PubMed Gepner, B., Deruelle, C., & Grynfeltt, S. (2001). Motion and emotion: a novel approach to the study of face processing by autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 37–45.PubMed
go back to reference Gepner, B., & Massion, J. (directed by) (2002). L’autisme: une pathologie du codage temporel? Travaux Interdisciplinaires du Laboratoire Parole et Langage, 21, 177–218. Gepner, B., & Massion, J. (directed by) (2002). L’autisme: une pathologie du codage temporel? Travaux Interdisciplinaires du Laboratoire Parole et Langage, 21, 177–218.
go back to reference Gepner, B., & Mestre, D. (2002a). Brief Report: Postural reactivity to fast visual motion differentiates autistic from children with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 231–238. Gepner, B., & Mestre, D. (2002a). Brief Report: Postural reactivity to fast visual motion differentiates autistic from children with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 231–238.
go back to reference Gepner, B., & Mestre, D. (2002b). Rapid visual-motion integration deficit in autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 455. Gepner, B., & Mestre, D. (2002b). Rapid visual-motion integration deficit in autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 455.
go back to reference Gepner, B. (2004). Autism, movement and facial processing. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1719.PubMed Gepner, B. (2004). Autism, movement and facial processing. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1719.PubMed
go back to reference Gepner, B. (2005). Malvoyance du mouvement dans l’autisme : de la clinique à la recherche et à la rééducation. In A. Berthoz, C. Andres, C. Barthélémy, J. Massion, & B. Rogé (Eds.), Autisme, cerveau et développement: de la recherche à la pratique (pp. 205–226). Paris: Odile Jacob. Gepner, B. (2005). Malvoyance du mouvement dans l’autisme : de la clinique à la recherche et à la rééducation. In A. Berthoz, C. Andres, C. Barthélémy, J. Massion, & B. Rogé (Eds.), Autisme, cerveau et développement: de la recherche à la pratique (pp. 205–226). Paris: Odile Jacob.
go back to reference Gepner, B., Lainé, F., & Tardif, C. (2005). E-Motion mis-sight and other temporal processing disorders in autism. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition, 23, 104–121. Gepner, B., Lainé, F., & Tardif, C. (2005). E-Motion mis-sight and other temporal processing disorders in autism. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition, 23, 104–121.
go back to reference Gervais, H., Belin, P., Boddaert, N., Leboyer, M., Coez, A., Sfaello, I., Barthélémy, C., Brunelle, F., Samson, Y., & Zilbovicius, M. (2004). Abnormal cortical voice processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 801–802.PubMed Gervais, H., Belin, P., Boddaert, N., Leboyer, M., Coez, A., Sfaello, I., Barthélémy, C., Brunelle, F., Samson, Y., & Zilbovicius, M. (2004). Abnormal cortical voice processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 801–802.PubMed
go back to reference Grandin, T. (1995). Thinking in pictures and other reports from my life with autism. New York: Doubleday. Grandin, T. (1995). Thinking in pictures and other reports from my life with autism. New York: Doubleday.
go back to reference Grézes, J., & de Gelder, B. (2005). Contagion motrice et émotionnelle. In A. Berthoz, C. Andres, C. Barthélémy, J. Massion, & B. Rogé (Eds.), Autisme, cerveau et développement: de la recherche à la pratique (pp. 295–319). Paris: Odile Jacob. Grézes, J., & de Gelder, B. (2005). Contagion motrice et émotionnelle. In A. Berthoz, C. Andres, C. Barthélémy, J. Massion, & B. Rogé (Eds.), Autisme, cerveau et développement: de la recherche à la pratique (pp. 295–319). Paris: Odile Jacob.
go back to reference Habib M., Espesser R., Rey V., Giraud K., Bruas P., & Gres C. (1999). Training dyslexics with acoustically modified speech : evidence of improved phonological performance. Brain and Cognition, 40, 143–146. Habib M., Espesser R., Rey V., Giraud K., Bruas P., & Gres C. (1999). Training dyslexics with acoustically modified speech : evidence of improved phonological performance. Brain and Cognition, 40, 143–146.
go back to reference Habib, M. (2006). Troubles associés et comorbidités dans la dyslexie: de l’observation clinique à la compréhension des mécanismes. In Expertise collective sur les Troubles de Développement du Langage oral et écrit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale. Editions INSERM: Paris (in press). Habib, M. (2006). Troubles associés et comorbidités dans la dyslexie: de l’observation clinique à la compréhension des mécanismes. In Expertise collective sur les Troubles de Développement du Langage oral et écrit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale. Editions INSERM: Paris (in press).
go back to reference Hadjikhani, N., Joseph, R. M., Snyder, J., Chabris, C. F., Clark, J., Steele, S., McGrath, L., Vangel, M., Aharon, I., Feczko, E., Harris, G. J., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2004). Activation of the fusiform gyrus when individuals with autism spectrum disorder view faces. Neuroimage, 22, 1141–1150.PubMed Hadjikhani, N., Joseph, R. M., Snyder, J., Chabris, C. F., Clark, J., Steele, S., McGrath, L., Vangel, M., Aharon, I., Feczko, E., Harris, G. J., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2004). Activation of the fusiform gyrus when individuals with autism spectrum disorder view faces. Neuroimage, 22, 1141–1150.PubMed
go back to reference Happé, F. (1999). Autism: Cognitive deficit or cognitive style? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 216–222.PubMed Happé, F. (1999). Autism: Cognitive deficit or cognitive style? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 216–222.PubMed
go back to reference Hertzig, M. E., Snow, M.E, & Sherman, M. (1989). Affect and cognition in autism. Journal of the Amercican Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 195–199. Hertzig, M. E., Snow, M.E, & Sherman, M. (1989). Affect and cognition in autism. Journal of the Amercican Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 195–199.
go back to reference Hobson, R. P. (1986a). The autistic child’s appraisal of expressions of emotion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 321–342. Hobson, R. P. (1986a). The autistic child’s appraisal of expressions of emotion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 321–342.
go back to reference Hobson R. P. (1986b). The autistic child’s appraisal of expressions of emotion: a further study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 671–680. Hobson R. P. (1986b). The autistic child’s appraisal of expressions of emotion: a further study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 671–680.
go back to reference Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. (1988a). What’s in a face? The case of autism. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 441–453. Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. (1988a). What’s in a face? The case of autism. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 441–453.
go back to reference Hobson, P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. (1988b). Emotion recognition in autism: coordinating faces and voices. Psychological Medicine, 18, 911–923.CrossRef Hobson, P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. (1988b). Emotion recognition in autism: coordinating faces and voices. Psychological Medicine, 18, 911–923.CrossRef
go back to reference Hughes, C., Russell, J., & Robbins, T. W. (1994). Evidence for executive dysfunction in autism. Neuropsychologia, 32, 477–492.PubMed Hughes, C., Russell, J., & Robbins, T. W. (1994). Evidence for executive dysfunction in autism. Neuropsychologia, 32, 477–492.PubMed
go back to reference Hughes, J. R., & Melyn, M. (2005). EEG and seizures in autistic children and adolescents: further findings with therapeutic implications. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 36, 15–20.PubMed Hughes, J. R., & Melyn, M. (2005). EEG and seizures in autistic children and adolescents: further findings with therapeutic implications. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 36, 15–20.PubMed
go back to reference Hutt, C., & Ounsted, C. (1966). The biological significance of gaze avoidance with particular reference to the syndrome of infantile autism. Behavioral Sciences, 11, 346–356. Hutt, C., & Ounsted, C. (1966). The biological significance of gaze avoidance with particular reference to the syndrome of infantile autism. Behavioral Sciences, 11, 346–356.
go back to reference Hutt, C., Hutt, S. J., Lee, D., & Ounsted, C. (1964). Arousal and childhood autism. Nature, 4961, 908–909. Hutt, C., Hutt, S. J., Lee, D., & Ounsted, C. (1964). Arousal and childhood autism. Nature, 4961, 908–909.
go back to reference Ito M, (1984). The cerebellum and neural control. New York: Raven Press. Ito M, (1984). The cerebellum and neural control. New York: Raven Press.
go back to reference Jamain, S., Quach, H., Betancur, C., Rastam, M., Colineaux, C., Gillberg, I. C., Soderstrom, H., Giros, B., Leboyer, M., Gillberg, C., & Bourgeron, T. et al. (2003). Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism. Nature Genetics, 34, 27–29.PubMed Jamain, S., Quach, H., Betancur, C., Rastam, M., Colineaux, C., Gillberg, I. C., Soderstrom, H., Giros, B., Leboyer, M., Gillberg, C., & Bourgeron, T. et al. (2003). Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism. Nature Genetics, 34, 27–29.PubMed
go back to reference Johnson M. T., & Ebner T. J. (2000.) Processing of multiple kinematic signals in the cerebellum and motor cortices. Brain Research Review, 33, 155–168. Johnson M. T., & Ebner T. J. (2000.) Processing of multiple kinematic signals in the cerebellum and motor cortices. Brain Research Review, 33, 155–168.
go back to reference Just, M. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Keller, T. A., & Minshew, N. J. (2004). Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: evidence of underconnectivity. Brain, 127, 1811–1821.PubMed Just, M. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Keller, T. A., & Minshew, N. J. (2004). Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: evidence of underconnectivity. Brain, 127, 1811–1821.PubMed
go back to reference Kamachi, M., Bruce, V., Mukaida, S., Gyoba, J., Yoshikawa, S., & Akamatsu, S. (2001). Dynamic properties influence the perception of facial expressions. Perception, 30, 875–887.PubMed Kamachi, M., Bruce, V., Mukaida, S., Gyoba, J., Yoshikawa, S., & Akamatsu, S. (2001). Dynamic properties influence the perception of facial expressions. Perception, 30, 875–887.PubMed
go back to reference Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250. Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.
go back to reference Kemper, T. L., & Bauman, M. L. (1993). The contribution of neuropathologic studies to understanding of autism. Neurological Clinics, 11, 175–187. Kemper, T. L., & Bauman, M. L. (1993). The contribution of neuropathologic studies to understanding of autism. Neurological Clinics, 11, 175–187.
go back to reference Klin, A., Sparrow, S. S., de Bildt, A., Cicchetti, D. V., Cohen, D. J., & Volkmar, F. R. (1999). A normed study of face recognition in autism and related disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 497–507. Klin, A., Sparrow, S. S., de Bildt, A., Cicchetti, D. V., Cohen, D. J., & Volkmar, F. R. (1999). A normed study of face recognition in autism and related disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 497–507.
go back to reference Langdell, T. (1978). Recognition of faces: an approach to the study of auism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 255–268.PubMed Langdell, T. (1978). Recognition of faces: an approach to the study of auism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 255–268.PubMed
go back to reference Livingstone, M., & Hubel, D. (1988). Segregation of form, color, movement and depth: anatomy, physiology and perception. Science, 240, 740–749.PubMed Livingstone, M., & Hubel, D. (1988). Segregation of form, color, movement and depth: anatomy, physiology and perception. Science, 240, 740–749.PubMed
go back to reference Loveland, K. A., Tunali-Kotoski, B., Pearson, D. A., Brelsford, K. A., Ortegon, J., & Chen, R. (1994). Imitation and expression of facial affect in autism. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 433–444.CrossRef Loveland, K. A., Tunali-Kotoski, B., Pearson, D. A., Brelsford, K. A., Ortegon, J., & Chen, R. (1994). Imitation and expression of facial affect in autism. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 433–444.CrossRef
go back to reference Loveland, K. A., Tunali-Kotoski, B., Chen, R., Brelsford, K. A., Ortegon, J., & Pearson, D. A. (1995). Intermodal perception of affect in persons with autism or Down syndrome. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 409–418.CrossRef Loveland, K. A., Tunali-Kotoski, B., Chen, R., Brelsford, K. A., Ortegon, J., & Pearson, D. A. (1995). Intermodal perception of affect in persons with autism or Down syndrome. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 409–418.CrossRef
go back to reference Martineau, J., Roux, S., Adrien, J. L., Garreau, B., Barthélémy, C., & Lelord, G. (1992). Electrophysiological evidence of different abilities to form cross-modal associations in children with autistic behaviors. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 82, 60–66.PubMed Martineau, J., Roux, S., Adrien, J. L., Garreau, B., Barthélémy, C., & Lelord, G. (1992). Electrophysiological evidence of different abilities to form cross-modal associations in children with autistic behaviors. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 82, 60–66.PubMed
go back to reference Meltzoff, A. (1996). L’imitation, reflet de l’esprit préverbal. Enfance, 1, 16–18. Meltzoff, A. (1996). L’imitation, reflet de l’esprit préverbal. Enfance, 1, 16–18.
go back to reference Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science, 198, 75–78.PubMed Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science, 198, 75–78.PubMed
go back to reference Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1993). Why faces are special to infants. On connecting the attraction of faces and infants’ ability for imitation and cross-modal processing. In B. de Boysson-Bardies, S. de Schonen, P. Jusczyk, P. MacNeilage et, & J. Morton (Eds.), Developmental neurocognition: speech and face processing in the first year of life (pp. 211–215). The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1993). Why faces are special to infants. On connecting the attraction of faces and infants’ ability for imitation and cross-modal processing. In B. de Boysson-Bardies, S. de Schonen, P. Jusczyk, P. MacNeilage et, & J. Morton (Eds.), Developmental neurocognition: speech and face processing in the first year of life (pp. 211–215). The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
go back to reference Mestre, D., Rondan, C., Masson, G., Castet, E., Deruelle, C., & Gepner, B. (2002). Evaluation de la vision du mouvement chez des enfants autistes au moyen du nystagmus opto-cinétique. Travaux Interdisciplinaires du Laboratoire Parole et Langage, 21, 192–198. Mestre, D., Rondan, C., Masson, G., Castet, E., Deruelle, C., & Gepner, B. (2002). Evaluation de la vision du mouvement chez des enfants autistes au moyen du nystagmus opto-cinétique. Travaux Interdisciplinaires du Laboratoire Parole et Langage, 21, 192–198.
go back to reference Middleton F. A., & Strick P. L. (2000). Basal ganglia and cerebellum loops: motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Research Review, 31, 236–250. Middleton F. A., & Strick P. L. (2000). Basal ganglia and cerebellum loops: motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Research Review, 31, 236–250.
go back to reference Milne, E., Swettenham, J., & Campbell, R. (2005). Motion perception and autistic spectrum disorder: a review. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition, 23, 3–36. Milne, E., Swettenham, J., & Campbell, R. (2005). Motion perception and autistic spectrum disorder: a review. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition, 23, 3–36.
go back to reference Milne, E., Swettenham, J., Hansen, P., Campbell, R., Jeffries, H., & Plaisted, K. (2002). High motion coherence thresholds in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 255–263.PubMed Milne, E., Swettenham, J., Hansen, P., Campbell, R., Jeffries, H., & Plaisted, K. (2002). High motion coherence thresholds in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 255–263.PubMed
go back to reference Mottron, L., Burack, J. A., Iarocci, G., Belleville, S., & Enns, J. T. (2003). Locally oriented perception with intact global processing among adolescents with high-functioning autism: evidence from multiple paradigms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 904–913.PubMed Mottron, L., Burack, J. A., Iarocci, G., Belleville, S., & Enns, J. T. (2003). Locally oriented perception with intact global processing among adolescents with high-functioning autism: evidence from multiple paradigms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 904–913.PubMed
go back to reference Nadel, J. (1989). Communicating by imitation: a developmental and comparative approach to transitory social competence. In B. H. Schneider et al. (Eds.), Social competence in developmental perspective (pp. 131–144). The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Nadel, J. (1989). Communicating by imitation: a developmental and comparative approach to transitory social competence. In B. H. Schneider et al. (Eds.), Social competence in developmental perspective (pp. 131–144). The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
go back to reference Nadel, J. (1992). Imitation et Communication. Un abord comparatif de l’enfant prélangagier et de l’enfant autiste. In J. Hochmann, & P. Ferrari (Eds.), Imitation, identification chez l’enfant autiste (pp. 79–104). Paris: Bayard Editions. Nadel, J. (1992). Imitation et Communication. Un abord comparatif de l’enfant prélangagier et de l’enfant autiste. In J. Hochmann, & P. Ferrari (Eds.), Imitation, identification chez l’enfant autiste (pp. 79–104). Paris: Bayard Editions.
go back to reference Nadel, J. (2005). Imitation et autisme. In: A. Berthoz, C. Andres, C. Barthélémy, J. Massion, & B. Rogé, (Eds.), Autisme, cerveau et développement: de la recherche à la pratique (pp. 205–226). Paris: Odile Jacob. Nadel, J. (2005). Imitation et autisme. In: A. Berthoz, C. Andres, C. Barthélémy, J. Massion, & B. Rogé, (Eds.), Autisme, cerveau et développement: de la recherche à la pratique (pp. 205–226). Paris: Odile Jacob.
go back to reference Nishitani, N., Avikainen, S., & Hari, R. (2004). Abnormal imitation-related cortical activation sequences in Asperger’s syndrome. Annals of Neurology, 55, 558–562.PubMed Nishitani, N., Avikainen, S., & Hari, R. (2004). Abnormal imitation-related cortical activation sequences in Asperger’s syndrome. Annals of Neurology, 55, 558–562.PubMed
go back to reference Oberman, L. M., Hubbard, E. M., McCleery, J. P., Altschuler, E. L., Ramachandran, V. S., & Pineda, J. A. (2005). EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Research Cognitive Brain Research, 24, 190–198.PubMed Oberman, L. M., Hubbard, E. M., McCleery, J. P., Altschuler, E. L., Ramachandran, V. S., & Pineda, J. A. (2005). EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Research Cognitive Brain Research, 24, 190–198.PubMed
go back to reference Pellicano, E., Gibson, L., Maybery, M., Durkin, K., & Badcock, D. R. (2005). Abnormal global processing along the dorsal visual pathway in autism: a possible mechanism for weak visuospatial coherence? Neuropsychologia, 43, 1044–1053.PubMed Pellicano, E., Gibson, L., Maybery, M., Durkin, K., & Badcock, D. R. (2005). Abnormal global processing along the dorsal visual pathway in autism: a possible mechanism for weak visuospatial coherence? Neuropsychologia, 43, 1044–1053.PubMed
go back to reference Percha, B., Dzakpasu, R., Zochowski, M., & Parent, J. (2005). Transition from local to global phase synchrony in small world neural network and its possible implications for epilepsy. Physical Review E Statistical Nonlinear Soft Matter Physics, 72, 031909. Percha, B., Dzakpasu, R., Zochowski, M., & Parent, J. (2005). Transition from local to global phase synchrony in small world neural network and its possible implications for epilepsy. Physical Review E Statistical Nonlinear Soft Matter Physics, 72, 031909.
go back to reference Pierce, K., Muller, R. A., Ambrose, J., Allen, G., & Courchesne, E. (2001). Face processing occurs outside the fusiform ‘face area’ in autism: evidence from functional MRI. Brain, 124, 2059–2073.PubMed Pierce, K., Muller, R. A., Ambrose, J., Allen, G., & Courchesne, E. (2001). Face processing occurs outside the fusiform ‘face area’ in autism: evidence from functional MRI. Brain, 124, 2059–2073.PubMed
go back to reference Pierce, K., Haist, F., Sedaghat, F., & Courchesne, E. (2004). The brain response to personally familiar faces in autism: findings of fusiform activity and beyond. Brain, 127, 2703–2716.PubMed Pierce, K., Haist, F., Sedaghat, F., & Courchesne, E. (2004). The brain response to personally familiar faces in autism: findings of fusiform activity and beyond. Brain, 127, 2703–2716.PubMed
go back to reference Plaisted, K., Swettenham, J., & Rees, L. (1999). Children with autism show local precedence in a divided attention task and global precedence in a selective attention task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 733–742.PubMed Plaisted, K., Swettenham, J., & Rees, L. (1999). Children with autism show local precedence in a divided attention task and global precedence in a selective attention task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 733–742.PubMed
go back to reference Pollick, F. E., Hill, H., Calder, A., & Paterson, H. (2003). Recognising facial expression from spatially and temporally modified movements. Perception, 32, 813–826.PubMed Pollick, F. E., Hill, H., Calder, A., & Paterson, H. (2003). Recognising facial expression from spatially and temporally modified movements. Perception, 32, 813–826.PubMed
go back to reference Ramus, F., Rosen, S., Dakin, S. C., Day, B. L., Castellote, J. M., White, S., & Frith, U. (2003). Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults. Brain, 126, 841–865.PubMed Ramus, F., Rosen, S., Dakin, S. C., Day, B. L., Castellote, J. M., White, S., & Frith, U. (2003). Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults. Brain, 126, 841–865.PubMed
go back to reference Rapin, I. (2002). The autistic spectrum disorders. The New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 302–303.PubMed Rapin, I. (2002). The autistic spectrum disorders. The New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 302–303.PubMed
go back to reference Raven, J. (1981). Progressive matrices. Issy-les-Moulineaux: Editions EAP. Raven, J. (1981). Progressive matrices. Issy-les-Moulineaux: Editions EAP.
go back to reference Rinehart, N. J., Bradshaw, J. L., Moss, S. A., Brereton, A. V., & Toge, B. J. (2000). Atypical interference of local detail on global processing in high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 769–778.PubMed Rinehart, N. J., Bradshaw, J. L., Moss, S. A., Brereton, A. V., & Toge, B. J. (2000). Atypical interference of local detail on global processing in high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 769–778.PubMed
go back to reference Rogers, S. J., Hepburn, S. L., Stackhouse, T., & Wehner, E. (2003). Imitation performance in toddlers with autism and those with other developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 763–781.PubMed Rogers, S. J., Hepburn, S. L., Stackhouse, T., & Wehner, E. (2003). Imitation performance in toddlers with autism and those with other developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 763–781.PubMed
go back to reference Sauvage D. (1988). Autisme du nourrisson et du jeune enfant. Paris: Masson. Sauvage D. (1988). Autisme du nourrisson et du jeune enfant. Paris: Masson.
go back to reference Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J, de Vellis, R. F., & Daly, K. (1980). Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,10, 91–103.PubMed Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J, de Vellis, R. F., & Daly, K. (1980). Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,10, 91–103.PubMed
go back to reference Schultz, R. T., Gauthier, I., Klin, A., Fulbright, R., Anderson, A., Volkmar, F. R., Skudlarski, P., Lacadie, C., Cohen, D. J., & Gore, J. C. (2000). Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 331–340.PubMed Schultz, R. T., Gauthier, I., Klin, A., Fulbright, R., Anderson, A., Volkmar, F. R., Skudlarski, P., Lacadie, C., Cohen, D. J., & Gore, J. C. (2000). Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 331–340.PubMed
go back to reference Shah, A., & Frith, U. (1993). Why do autistic individuals show superior performance on the block design task? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 1351–1364.PubMed Shah, A., & Frith, U. (1993). Why do autistic individuals show superior performance on the block design task? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 1351–1364.PubMed
go back to reference Smith, I. M., & Bryson, S. E. (1994). Imitation and action in autism: a critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 259–273.PubMed Smith, I. M., & Bryson, S. E. (1994). Imitation and action in autism: a critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 259–273.PubMed
go back to reference Spencer, J., O’Brien, J., Riggs, K., Braddick, O., Atkinson, J., & Wattam-Bell, J. (2000). Motion processing in autism: evidence for a dorsal stream deficiency. NeuroReport, 11, 2765–2767.PubMed Spencer, J., O’Brien, J., Riggs, K., Braddick, O., Atkinson, J., & Wattam-Bell, J. (2000). Motion processing in autism: evidence for a dorsal stream deficiency. NeuroReport, 11, 2765–2767.PubMed
go back to reference Spencer, K. M., Nestor, P. G., Perlmutter, R., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Klump, M. C., Frumin, M., Shenton, M. E., & McCarley, R. W. (2004). Neural synchrony indexes disordered perception and cognition in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 17288–17293. Spencer, K. M., Nestor, P. G., Perlmutter, R., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Klump, M. C., Frumin, M., Shenton, M. E., & McCarley, R. W. (2004). Neural synchrony indexes disordered perception and cognition in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 17288–17293.
go back to reference Symond, M. P., Harris, A. W., Gordon, E., & Williams, L. M. (2005). “Gamma synchrony” in first-episode schizophrenia: a disorder of temporal connectivity? American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 459–465.PubMed Symond, M. P., Harris, A. W., Gordon, E., & Williams, L. M. (2005). “Gamma synchrony” in first-episode schizophrenia: a disorder of temporal connectivity? American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 459–465.PubMed
go back to reference Takarae, Y., Minshew, N. J., Luna, B., Krisky, C. M., & Sweeney, J. A. (2004). Pursuit eye movement deficits in autism. Brain, 127, 2584–2594.PubMed Takarae, Y., Minshew, N. J., Luna, B., Krisky, C. M., & Sweeney, J. A. (2004). Pursuit eye movement deficits in autism. Brain, 127, 2584–2594.PubMed
go back to reference Tallal, P. (1976). Rapid auditory processing in normal and disordered language development. Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 19, 561–594. Tallal, P. (1976). Rapid auditory processing in normal and disordered language development. Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 19, 561–594.
go back to reference Tallal, P., & Piercy, M. (1973). Defects of non-verbal auditory perception in children with developmental aphasia. Nature, 241, 468–469.PubMed Tallal, P., & Piercy, M. (1973). Defects of non-verbal auditory perception in children with developmental aphasia. Nature, 241, 468–469.PubMed
go back to reference Tallal, P., & Piercy, M. (1974). Developmental aphasia: rate of auditory processing and selective impairment of consonant perception. Neuropsychologia, 12, 83–93.PubMed Tallal, P., & Piercy, M. (1974). Developmental aphasia: rate of auditory processing and selective impairment of consonant perception. Neuropsychologia, 12, 83–93.PubMed
go back to reference Tallal, P., Miller, S. L., Bedi, G., Byma, G., Wang, X., Nagarajan, S. S., Schreiner, C., Jenkins, W. M., & Merzenich, M. M. (1996). Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech. Science, 271, 81–83.PubMed Tallal, P., Miller, S. L., Bedi, G., Byma, G., Wang, X., Nagarajan, S. S., Schreiner, C., Jenkins, W. M., & Merzenich, M. M. (1996). Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech. Science, 271, 81–83.PubMed
go back to reference Tardif, C., & Gepner, B. (2003). L’Autisme. Paris: Nathan. Tardif, C., & Gepner, B. (2003). L’Autisme. Paris: Nathan.
go back to reference Tardif, C., Thomas, K., Gepner, B., & Rey, V. (2002). Contribution à l’évaluation du système phonologique explicite chez des enfants autistes. Parole, 21, 35–72. Tardif, C., Thomas, K., Gepner, B., & Rey, V. (2002). Contribution à l’évaluation du système phonologique explicite chez des enfants autistes. Parole, 21, 35–72.
go back to reference Teitelbaum, P., Teitelbaum, O., Nye, J., Fryman, J., & Maurer, R. (1998). Movement analysis in infancy may be useful for early diagnosis of autism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95, 13982–13987. Teitelbaum, P., Teitelbaum, O., Nye, J., Fryman, J., & Maurer, R. (1998). Movement analysis in infancy may be useful for early diagnosis of autism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95, 13982–13987.
go back to reference Teunisse, J. P., & de Gelder, B. (2003). Face processing in adolescents with autistic disorder: the inversion and composite effect. Brain and Cognition, 52, 285–294.PubMed Teunisse, J. P., & de Gelder, B. (2003). Face processing in adolescents with autistic disorder: the inversion and composite effect. Brain and Cognition, 52, 285–294.PubMed
go back to reference Theoret, H., Halligan, E., Kobayashi, M., Fregni, F., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2005). Impaired motor facilitation during action observation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Current Biology, 15, 84–85. Theoret, H., Halligan, E., Kobayashi, M., Fregni, F., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2005). Impaired motor facilitation during action observation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Current Biology, 15, 84–85.
go back to reference Timme, M., Wolf, F., & Geisel, T. (2004). Topological speed limits to network synchronization. Physical Review Letter, 92, 074101. Timme, M., Wolf, F., & Geisel, T. (2004). Topological speed limits to network synchronization. Physical Review Letter, 92, 074101.
go back to reference Varela, F., Lachaux, J. P., Rodriguez, E., & Martinerie, J. (2001). The Brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 229–239.PubMed Varela, F., Lachaux, J. P., Rodriguez, E., & Martinerie, J. (2001). The Brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 229–239.PubMed
go back to reference Villalobos, M. E., Mizuno, A., Dahl, B. C., Kemmotsu, N., & Muller, R. A. (2005). Reduced functional connectivity between V1 and inferior frontal cortex associated with visuomotor performance in autism. Neuroimage, 15, 916–925. Villalobos, M. E., Mizuno, A., Dahl, B. C., Kemmotsu, N., & Muller, R. A. (2005). Reduced functional connectivity between V1 and inferior frontal cortex associated with visuomotor performance in autism. Neuroimage, 15, 916–925.
go back to reference Vinter, A. (1986). The role of movement in eliciting early imitations. Child Development, 57, 66–71. Vinter, A. (1986). The role of movement in eliciting early imitations. Child Development, 57, 66–71.
go back to reference Volkmar, F. R., Sparrow, S. S., Rende, R. C., & Cohen, D. J. (1989). Facial perception in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 591–598.PubMed Volkmar, F. R., Sparrow, S. S., Rende, R. C., & Cohen, D. J. (1989). Facial perception in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 591–598.PubMed
go back to reference Volkmar, F. R., & Pauls, D. (2003). Autism (Seminar). The Lancet, 362, 1133–1141. Volkmar, F. R., & Pauls, D. (2003). Autism (Seminar). The Lancet, 362, 1133–1141.
go back to reference Waterhouse, L., Fein, D., & Modahl, C. (1996). Neurofunctional mechanisms in autism. Psychological Review, 103, 457–489.PubMed Waterhouse, L., Fein, D., & Modahl, C. (1996). Neurofunctional mechanisms in autism. Psychological Review, 103, 457–489.PubMed
go back to reference Welsh, J. P., Ahn, E. S., & Placantonakis, D. G. (2005). Is autism due to brain desynchronization ? International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 253–263.PubMed Welsh, J. P., Ahn, E. S., & Placantonakis, D. G. (2005). Is autism due to brain desynchronization ? International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 253–263.PubMed
go back to reference Wickelgren, I. (2005). Autistic brains out of synch ? Science, 308, 1856–1858.PubMed Wickelgren, I. (2005). Autistic brains out of synch ? Science, 308, 1856–1858.PubMed
go back to reference Wicker, B., Fonlupt, P., Hubert, B., Gepner, B., Tardif, C., & Deruelle, C. (submitted). Abnormal effective connectivity during explicit emotional processing in autism. Wicker, B., Fonlupt, P., Hubert, B., Gepner, B., Tardif, C., & Deruelle, C. (submitted). Abnormal effective connectivity during explicit emotional processing in autism.
go back to reference Williams, D. (1992). Nobody nowhere. London: Doubleday. Williams, D. (1992). Nobody nowhere. London: Doubleday.
go back to reference Williams, J. H., Massaro, D. W., Peel, N. J., Bosseler, A., & Suddendorf, T. (2004a). Visual–auditory integration during speech imitation in autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25, 559–575. Williams, J. H., Massaro, D. W., Peel, N. J., Bosseler, A., & Suddendorf, T. (2004a). Visual–auditory integration during speech imitation in autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25, 559–575.
go back to reference Williams, J. H., Whiten, A., & Singh, T. (2004b). A systematic review of action imitation in autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 285–299. Williams, J. H., Whiten, A., & Singh, T. (2004b). A systematic review of action imitation in autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 285–299.
go back to reference World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders (ICD-10). Geneva: WHO. World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders (ICD-10). Geneva: WHO.
go back to reference Zazzo, R. (1957). Le problème de l’imitation chez le nouveau-né. Enfance, 2, 135–142. Zazzo, R. (1957). Le problème de l’imitation chez le nouveau-né. Enfance, 2, 135–142.
go back to reference Zihl, J., Von Cramon, D., & Mai, N. (1983). Selective disturbance of movement vision after bilateral brain damage. Brain, 106, 313–340.PubMed Zihl, J., Von Cramon, D., & Mai, N. (1983). Selective disturbance of movement vision after bilateral brain damage. Brain, 106, 313–340.PubMed
go back to reference Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Rogers, T., Roberts, W., Brian, J., & Szatmari, P. (2005). Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 143–152.PubMed Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Rogers, T., Roberts, W., Brian, J., & Szatmari, P. (2005). Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 143–152.PubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Slowing Down Presentation of Facial Movements and Vocal Sounds Enhances Facial Expression Recognition and Induces Facial–Vocal Imitation in Children with Autism
Auteurs
Carole Tardif
France Lainé
Mélissa Rodriguez
Bruno Gepner
Publicatiedatum
01-09-2007
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 8/2007
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0223-x

Andere artikelen Uitgave 8/2007

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 8/2007 Naar de uitgave