Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 6/2005

01-12-2005

An Evaluation of the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale

Auteur: Luc Lecavalier

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 6/2005

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

The Gilliam Autism Rating Scale was developed to identify individuals with autism in research and clinical settings. It has benefited from wide use and acceptance but has received little empirical attention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct and diagnostic validity, interrater reliability, and effects of participant characteristics of the GARS in a large and heterogeneous sample of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. 360 parent and teacher ratings were submitted to factor analysis. A three-factor solution explaining 38% of the variance was obtained. Almost half of all items loaded on a Repetitive and Stereotyped Behavior factor. The Developmental Disturbance subscale did not contribute to the Autism Quotient (AQ) and was poorly related to other subscales. Internal consistency for the three behavioral subscales was good but low for the Developmental Disturbance subscale. The average AQ was significantly lower than what was reported in the test manual, suggesting low sensitivity with the current cutoff criteria. Interrater reliability was also much lower than originally reported by the instrument’s developer. No significant age or gender effects were found. Level of impairment, as measured by adaptive behavior, was negatively related to total and subscale scores. The implications of these findings were discussed, as was the use of diagnostic instruments in the field in general.
Literatuur
go back to reference Bartko J. J., (1966). The intraclass correlation coefficient as a measure of reliability Psychological Reports 19: 3–11PubMed Bartko J. J., (1966). The intraclass correlation coefficient as a measure of reliability Psychological Reports 19: 3–11PubMed
go back to reference Berument S. B., Rutter M., Lord C., Pickles A., Bailey A., (1999) Autism screening questionnaire: Diagnostic validity British Journal of Psychiatry 175: 444–451PubMedCrossRef Berument S. B., Rutter M., Lord C., Pickles A., Bailey A., (1999) Autism screening questionnaire: Diagnostic validity British Journal of Psychiatry 175: 444–451PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Brereton A. V., Tonge B. J., Mackinnon A. J., Einfeld S. L., (2002). Screening young people for autism with the Development Behaviour Checklist Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41: 1369–1375PubMedCrossRef Brereton A. V., Tonge B. J., Mackinnon A. J., Einfeld S. L., (2002). Screening young people for autism with the Development Behaviour Checklist Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41: 1369–1375PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Browne M. W., (2001). An overview of analytic rotation in exploratory factor analysis Multivariate Behavioral Research 36: 111–150CrossRef Browne M. W., (2001). An overview of analytic rotation in exploratory factor analysis Multivariate Behavioral Research 36: 111–150CrossRef
go back to reference Bruininks R. H., Woodcock R. W., Weatherman R. F., Hill B. K., (1996). Scales of independent behavior – Revised: Manual. Boston: Riverside Publishing Company Bruininks R. H., Woodcock R. W., Weatherman R. F., Hill B. K., (1996). Scales of independent behavior – Revised: Manual. Boston: Riverside Publishing Company
go back to reference California Departments of Education and Developmental Services Collaborative Work Group on Autistic Spectrum Disorders. (1997). Best practices for designing and delivering effective programs for individuals with autistic spectrum disorders. Available online at www.feat.org California Departments of Education and Developmental Services Collaborative Work Group on Autistic Spectrum Disorders. (1997). Best practices for designing and delivering effective programs for individuals with autistic spectrum disorders. Available online at www.feat.org
go back to reference Cohen I. L., Schmidt-Lackner S., Romanczyk R., Sudhalter V., (2003). The PDD Behavior Inventory: A rating scale for assessing response to intervention in children with pervasive developmental disorderJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 33: 31–45PubMedCrossRef Cohen I. L., Schmidt-Lackner S., Romanczyk R., Sudhalter V., (2003). The PDD Behavior Inventory: A rating scale for assessing response to intervention in children with pervasive developmental disorderJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 33: 31–45PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cohen I. L., (2003). Criterion-related validity of the PDD Behavior InventoryJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 33: 47–53PubMedCrossRef Cohen I. L., (2003). Criterion-related validity of the PDD Behavior InventoryJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 33: 47–53PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cichetti D. V., (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rule of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychologyPsychological Assessment 6: 284–290CrossRef Cichetti D. V., (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rule of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychologyPsychological Assessment 6: 284–290CrossRef
go back to reference Ehlers S., Gillberg C., Wing L., (1999). A screening questionnaire for Asperger syndrome and other high functioning autism spectrum disorders in school age childrenJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 29: 129–141PubMedCrossRef Ehlers S., Gillberg C., Wing L., (1999). A screening questionnaire for Asperger syndrome and other high functioning autism spectrum disorders in school age childrenJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 29: 129–141PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Filipek P. A., Accardo P. J., Ashwal S., Baranek G. T., Cook J. R., et al. (2000). Practice parameter: Screening and diagnosis of autism Neurology, 55: 468–479PubMed Filipek P. A., Accardo P. J., Ashwal S., Baranek G. T., Cook J. R., et al. (2000). Practice parameter: Screening and diagnosis of autism Neurology, 55: 468–479PubMed
go back to reference Filipek P. A., Accardo P. J., Baranek G. T., Cook E. H., Dawson G., et al. (1999). The screening and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29: 439–484PubMedCrossRef Filipek P. A., Accardo P. J., Baranek G. T., Cook E. H., Dawson G., et al. (1999). The screening and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29: 439–484PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Floyd F., Widaman K. F., (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments Psychological Assessment 7: 286–299CrossRef Floyd F., Widaman K. F., (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments Psychological Assessment 7: 286–299CrossRef
go back to reference Gilliam J. E., (1995). Gilliam autism rating scale. Austin: ProEd Gilliam J. E., (1995). Gilliam autism rating scale. Austin: ProEd
go back to reference Gilliam J. E., (2001). Gilliam asperger’s disorder scale. Austin: ProEd Gilliam J. E., (2001). Gilliam asperger’s disorder scale. Austin: ProEd
go back to reference Guadagnoli E., Velicer W., (1988). Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns Psychological Bulletin 103: 265–275PubMedCrossRef Guadagnoli E., Velicer W., (1988). Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns Psychological Bulletin 103: 265–275PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Krug D. A., Arick J. R., Almond P. J., (1980). Behavior checklist for identifying severely handicapped individuals with high levels of autistic behaviorJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 21: 221–229PubMedCrossRef Krug D. A., Arick J. R., Almond P. J., (1980). Behavior checklist for identifying severely handicapped individuals with high levels of autistic behaviorJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 21: 221–229PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lecavalier, L., Aman, M. G., Scahill, L., McDouble, C. J., McCracken, J. T., Vitiello, B. et al. (2005). The validity of the autism diagnostic interview—Revised. American Journal on Mental Retardation, Manuscript accepted for publication Lecavalier, L., Aman, M. G., Scahill, L., McDouble, C. J., McCracken, J. T., Vitiello, B. et al. (2005). The validity of the autism diagnostic interview—Revised. American Journal on Mental Retardation, Manuscript accepted for publication
go back to reference Lord C., (1997). Diagnostic instruments in autism spectrum disorders. In: Cohen D. J., Volkmar F. R., (Eds), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (2nd Ed) New York: Willey pp. 460–483 Lord C., (1997). Diagnostic instruments in autism spectrum disorders. In: Cohen D. J., Volkmar F. R., (Eds), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (2nd Ed) New York: Willey pp. 460–483
go back to reference Lord C., Risi S., Lambrecht L., Leventhal B. L., DiLavore P., et al. (2000). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – Generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autismJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 30: 205–223PubMedCrossRef Lord C., Risi S., Lambrecht L., Leventhal B. L., DiLavore P., et al. (2000). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – Generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autismJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 30: 205–223PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lord C., Rutter M., Le Couteur A., (1994). The Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disordersJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24: 659–685PubMedCrossRef Lord C., Rutter M., Le Couteur A., (1994). The Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disordersJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24: 659–685PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Miranda-Linné F. M., Lennart M., (2002). A factor analytic study of the Autism Behavior ChecklistJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 32: 181–188PubMedCrossRef Miranda-Linné F. M., Lennart M., (2002). A factor analytic study of the Autism Behavior ChecklistJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 32: 181–188PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Parks S. L., (1983). The assessment of autistic children: A selective review of available instruments Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 13: 255–267PubMedCrossRef Parks S. L., (1983). The assessment of autistic children: A selective review of available instruments Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 13: 255–267PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Schopler E., Reichler R. J., DeVellis R. F., Daly K. (1980). Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 10: 91–103PubMedCrossRef Schopler E., Reichler R. J., DeVellis R. F., Daly K. (1980). Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 10: 91–103PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Schmitt N., (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alphaPsychological Assessment 8: 350–353CrossRef Schmitt N., (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alphaPsychological Assessment 8: 350–353CrossRef
go back to reference Streiner D. L., (1994). Figuring out factors: The use and misuse of factor analysis Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 39: 135–140 Streiner D. L., (1994). Figuring out factors: The use and misuse of factor analysis Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 39: 135–140
go back to reference South M., Williams B. J., McMahon W. M., Owley T., Filipek P. A., et al. (2002). Utility of the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale in research and clinical populationsJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 32: 593–599PubMedCrossRef South M., Williams B. J., McMahon W. M., Owley T., Filipek P. A., et al. (2002). Utility of the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale in research and clinical populationsJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 32: 593–599PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Tassé M. J., Lecavalier L., (2000). Comparing parent and teacher ratings of social competence and problem behaviorAmerican Journal on Mental Retardation 105: 252–259 Tassé M. J., Lecavalier L., (2000). Comparing parent and teacher ratings of social competence and problem behaviorAmerican Journal on Mental Retardation 105: 252–259
Metagegevens
Titel
An Evaluation of the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale
Auteur
Luc Lecavalier
Publicatiedatum
01-12-2005
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 6/2005
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-0025-6

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2005

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 6/2005 Naar de uitgave

OriginalPaper

Acknowledgement