Top

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

Gepubliceerd in:

01-04-2015

Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process

Auteurs: E. Mark Cummings, Kalsea J. Koss, Patrick T. Davies

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 3/2015

Abstract

Conflict in specific family systems (e.g., interparental, parent–child) has been implicated in the development of a host of adjustment problems in adolescence, but little is known about the impact of family conflict involving multiple family systems. Furthermore, questions remain about the effects of family conflict on symptoms of specific disorders and adjustment problems and the processes mediating these effects. The present study prospectively examines the impact of family conflict and emotional security about the family system on adolescent symptoms of specific disorders and adjustment problems, including the development of symptoms of anxiety, depression, conduct problems, and peer problems. Security in the family system was examined as a mediator of these relations. Participants included 295 mother-father-adolescent families (149 girls) participating across three annual time points (grades 7–9). Including auto-regressive controls for initial levels of emotional insecurity and multiple adjustment problems (T1), higher-order emotional insecurity about the family system (T2) mediated relations between T1 family conflict and T3 peer problems, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Further analyses supported specific patterns of emotional security/insecurity (i.e., security, disengagement, preoccupation) as mediators between family conflict and specific domains of adolescent adjustment. Family conflict was thus found to prospectively predict the development of symptoms of multiple specific adjustment problems, including symptoms of depression, anxiety, conduct problems, and peer problems, by elevating in in adolescent’s emotional insecurity about the family system. The clinical implications of these findings are considered.

vorige artikel Stress Sensitivity Interacts with Depression History to Predict Depressive Symptoms Among Youth: Prospective Changes Following First Depression Onset

volgende artikel Parental Perfectionism and Overcontrol: Examining Mechanisms in the Development of Child Anxiety

Abela, J. R. Z., Hankin, B. L., Haigh, E. A. P., Adams, P., Vinokuroff, T., & Trayhern, L. (2005). Interpersonal vulnerability to depression in high-risk children: The role of insecure attachment and reassurance seeking. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 182–192. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_17.CrossRefPubMed

Allen, J. P., & Antonishak, J. (2008). Understanding adolescent peer influences: Beyond the dark side. In M. J. Prinstein & K. S. Dodge (Eds.), Peer Influence Among Youth. New York: Guilford Press.

Arbuckle, J. L. (1995–2009). AMOS version 18.0.0 [Computer software].

Bittner, A., Goodwin, R. D., Wittchen, H., Beesdo, K., Höfler, M., & Lieb, R. (2004). What characteristics of primary anxiety disorders predict subsequent major depressive disorder? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 618–626. doi:10.4088/JCP.v65n0505.CrossRefPubMed

Bourdon, K. H., Goodman, R., Rae, D. S., Simpson, G., & Koretz, D. S. (2005). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: US normative data and psychometric properties. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 557–564. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000159157.57075.c8.CrossRefPubMed

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss (Vol. 2: Separation). New York, NY: Basic Books.

Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2008). Mother-child attachment and social anxiety symptoms in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 393–402. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.06.002.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2010a). Mother–child attachment patterns and different types of anxiety symptoms: Is there specificity of relations? Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41, 663–674. doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0195-0.CrossRefPubMed

Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2010b). Parent–child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 177–203. doi:10.1017/S0954579409990344.CrossRefPubMed

Carter, J. S., & Garber, J. (2011). Predictors of the first onset of a major depressive episode and changes in depressive symptoms across adolescence: Stress and negative cognitions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 779–796. doi:10.1037/a0025441.CrossRefPubMed

Clark, L. A. (2005). Temperament as a unifying basis for personality and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 505–521. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.505.CrossRefPubMed

Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316–336. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316.CrossRefPubMed

Colonnesi, C., Draijer, E. M., Stams, G. J. J. M., Van der Bruggen, C. O., Bogels, S. M., & Noom, M. J. (2011). The relation between insecure attachment and child anxiety: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child and Analytic Psychology, 40, 630–645. doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.581623.

Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 87–127. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.87.CrossRefPubMed

Cummings, E. M. (1990). Classification of attachment on a continuum of felt-security: Illustrations from the study of children of depressed parents. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 311–338). Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.

Cummings, E. M., & Cicchetti, D. (1990). Towards a transactional model of relations between attachment and depression. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 339–372). Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.

Cummings, E. M., & Cummings, J. S. (1988). A process-oriented approach to children’s coping with adults’ angry behavior. Developmental Review, 3, 296–321. doi:10.1016/0273-2297(88)90008-1.CrossRef

Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (1996). Emotional security as a regulatory process in normal development and the development of psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 123–139. doi:10.1017/S0954579400007008.CrossRef

Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2010). Marital conflict and children: An emotional security perspective. New York and London: The Guilford Press.

Cummings, E. M., Goeke-Morey, M. C., & Papp, L. M. (2004). Everyday marital conflict and child aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 191–202. doi:10.1023/B:JACP.0000019770.13216.be.CrossRefPubMed

Cummings, E. M., Schermerhorn, A. C., Davies, P. T., Goeke-Morey, M. C., & Cummings, J. S. (2006). Interparental discord and child adjustment: Prospective investigations of emotional security as an explanatory mechanism. Child Development, 77, 132–152. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00861.x.CrossRefPubMed

Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 387–411. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.387.CrossRefPubMed

Davies, P. T., & Forman, E. M. (2002). Children’s patterns of preserving emotional security in the interparental subsystem. Child Development, 73, 1880–1903. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.t01-1-00512.CrossRefPubMed

Davies, P. T., Harold, G. T., Goeke-Morey, M. C., & Cummings, E. M. (2002). Children’s emotional security and interparental conflict. Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development, 67.

Davies, P. T., Sturge-Apple, M., Boscoe, S. M., & Cummings, E. M. (2014). The legacy of early insecurity histories in shaping adolescent adaptation to interparental conflict. Child Development, 85, 338–354. doi:10.1111/cdev.12119.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

De Bolle, M., & De Fruyt, F. (2010). The tripartite model in childhood and adolescence: Future directions for developmental research. Child Development Perspectives, 4, 174–180. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2010.00136.x.CrossRef

DeKlyen, M., & Greenberg, M. T. (2008). Attachment and psychopathology in childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 637–665). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Epkins, C. C., & Heckler, D. R. (2011). Integrating etiological models of social anxiety and depression in youth: Evidence for a cumulative interpersonal risk model. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 329–376. doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0101-8.CrossRefPubMed

Esbjorn, B. H., Bender, P. K., Reinholdt-Dunne, M. L., Munck, L. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2012). The development of anxiety disorders: considering the contributions of attachment and emotion regulation. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15, 129–143. doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0105-4.CrossRefPubMed

Essau, C. A. (2004). The association between family factors and depressive disorders in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 365–372. doi:10.1023/B:JOYO.0000037630.01098.d4.CrossRef

Fearon, R. P., Bakersman-Kranenburg, M. J., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A. M., & Roisman, G. I. (2010). The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children’s externalizing behavior: A meta-analytic study. Child Development, 81, 435–456. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x.CrossRefPubMed

Forman, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2005). Assessing children’s appraisals of security in the family system: The development of the security in the family system (SIFS) scales. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 900–916. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00385.x.CrossRefPubMed

Foster, C. E., Webster, M. C., Weissman, M. M., Pilowsky, D. J., Wickramaratne, P. J., Rush, A. J., & King, C. A. (2008). Course and severity of maternal depression: Associations with family functioning and child adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 906–916. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9216-0.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Fraley, R. C., & Spieker, S. J. (2003). Are infant attachment patterns continuously or categorically distributed? A taxometric analysis of Strange Situation behavior, Developmental Psychology, 39, 387–404.

Gallerani, C. M., Garber, J., & Martin, N. C. (2010). The temporal relation between depression and comorbid psychopathology in adolescents at varied risk for depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 242–249. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02155.x.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Garber, J. (2006). Depression in children and adolescents: Linking risk research and prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 31, S104–S125. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.007.CrossRefPubMed

Garber, J., & Weersing, V. R. (2010). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in youth: Implications for treatment and prevention. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 293–306. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01221.x.

Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x.CrossRefPubMed

Goodman, R., & Scott, S. (1999). Comparing the strengths and difficulties questionnaire and the child behavior checklist: Is small beautiful? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 27, 17–24. doi:10.1023/A:1022658222914.CrossRef

Gordis, E. B., Margolin, G., & John, R. S. (2001). Parents’ hostility in dyadic marital and triadic family settings and children’s behavior problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 727–734. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.4.727.CrossRefPubMed

Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Stuhlmacher, A. F., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., & Halpert, J. A. (2003). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Moving from markers to mechanisms of risk. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 447–466. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.447.CrossRefPubMed

Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Fearon, R. P. (2012). The significance of insecure and disorganized attachment for children’s internalizing symptoms: a meta-analytic study. Child Development, 83, 591–610. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01711.x.PubMed

Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Miller, N., & Haeffel, G. J. (2004). Cognitive vulnerability-stress theories of depression: Examining affective specificity in the prediction of depression versus anxiety in three prospective studies. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 309–345. doi:10.1023/B:COTR.0000031805.60529.0d.CrossRef

Harold, G. T., Shelton, K. H., Goeke-Morey, M. C., & Cummings, E. M. (2004). Marital conflict, child emotional security about family relationships and child adjustment. Social Development, 13, 350–376. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.00272.x.CrossRef

Hayward, C., Wilson, K. A., Lagle, K., Kraemer, H. C., Killen, J. D., & Taylor, C. B. (2008). The developmental psychopathology of social anxiety in adolescents. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 200–206. doi:10.1002/da.20289.CrossRefPubMed

Hobfoll, S. E., Hall, B. J., Canetti-Nisim, D., Galea, S., Johnson, R. J., & Palmieri, P. A. (2007). Refining our understanding of traumatic growth in the face of terrorism: Moving from meaning cognitions to doing what is meaningful. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56, 345–366. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00292.x.CrossRef

Hymel, S., Rubin, K. H., Rowden, L., & LeMare, L. (1990). Children’s peer relationships: longitudinal prediction of internalizing and externalizing problems from middle to late childhood. Child Development, 61, 2004–2021.

Kane, P., & Garber, J. (2004). The relations among depression in fathers, children’s psychopathology, and father-child conflict: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 339–360. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.03.004.CrossRefPubMed

Keelan, C. M., Schenk, A. M., McNally, M. R., & Fremouw, W. J. (2014). The interpersonal worlds of bullies: parents, peers, and partners. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29, 1339–1353.CrossRef

Kraaij, V., Garnefski, N., de Wilde, E. J., Dijkstra, A., Gebhardt, W., Maes, S., & ter Doest, L. (2003). Negative life events and depressive symptoms in late adolescence: Bonding and cognitive coping as vulnerability factors? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 185–193. doi:10.1023/A:1022543419747.CrossRef

Krackow, E., & Rudolph, K. D. (2008). Life stress and the accuracy of cognitive appraisals in depressed youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 376–385. doi:10.1080/15374410801955797.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Lindahl, K. M., & Malik, N. M. (1999). Marital conflict, family processes, and boys’ externalizing behavior in Hispanic American and European American families. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 12–24. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2801_2.CrossRefPubMed

Lindahl, K. M., & Malik, N. M. (2000). System for coding interactions and family functioning (SCIFF). University of Miami, Miami, FL: Unpublished manual.

Lindahl, K. M., & Malik, N. M. (2001). The System for Coding Interactions and Family Functioning. In P. K. Kerig & K. M. Lindahl (Eds.), Family observational coding systems: Resources for systemic research (pp. 75–90). Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel.

McCrory, C., & Layte, R. (2012). Testing competing models of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire’s (SDQ’s) factor structure for the parent-informant instrument. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 882–887. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.02.011.CrossRef

Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. S. (2002). Family Environment Scale manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.

Muris, P., Meesters, C., & van den Berg, F. (2003). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) – further evidence for its reliability and validity in a community sample of Dutch children and adolescents. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 12, 1–8. doi:10.1007/s00787-003-0298-2.CrossRefPubMed

Nomura, Y., Wickramaratne, P. J., Warner, V., Mufson, L., & Weissman, M. M. (2002). Family discord, parental depression and psychopathology in offspring: Ten-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 402–409. doi:10.1097/00004583-200204000-00012.CrossRef

Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Pallini, S., Baiocco, R., Schneider, B. H., Madigan, S., & Atkinson, L. (2014). Early child–parent attachment and peer relations: a meta-analysis of recent research. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(1), 118–123. doi:10.1037/a0035736.CrossRefPubMed

Patterson (1982). Coercive Family Processes. Eugene, Oregon: Castalia

Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Johnson, J. G., & Brook, J. S. (2002). Adolescent life events as predictors of adult depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 68, 49–57. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00331-1.CrossRefPubMed

Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2011). Effect sizes for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16, 93–115. doi:10.1037/a0022658.CrossRefPubMed

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306.CrossRef

Radloff, L. S. (1991). The use of the center for epidemiologic studies of depression scale in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 149–166. doi:10.1007/BF01537606.CrossRefPubMed

Radloff, L. S., & Teri, L. (1986). 6/Use of the center for epidemiological studies-depression scale with older adults. Clinical Gerontologist, 5, 119–136. doi:10.1300/J018v05n01_06.CrossRef

Reynolds, C. R. (1980). Concurrent validity of what I think and feel: The revised children’s manifest anxiety scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 774–775. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.48.6.774.CrossRefPubMed

Reynolds, C. R., & Paget, K. D. (1983). National normative and reliability data for the revised children’s manifest anxiety scale. School Psychology Review, 12, 324–336.

Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271–280. doi:10.1007/bf00919131.CrossRefPubMed

Roberts, R. E., Andrews, J. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Hops, H. (1990). Assessment of depression in adolescents using the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2, 122–128. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.2.2.122.CrossRef

Sander, J. B., & McCarty, C. A. (2005). Youth depression in the family context: Familial risk factors and models of treatment. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 203–219. doi:10.1007/s10567-005-6666-3.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Stellard, P., Velleman, R., Langsford, J., & Baldwin, S. (2001). Coping and psychological distress in children involved in road traffic accidents. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 197–208. doi:10.1348/014466501163643.CrossRef

Tofighi, D., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2011). RMediation: An R package for mediation analysis confidence intervals. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 692–700. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0076-x.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Van Lier, P. A., & Koot, H. M. (2010). Developmental cascades of peer relations and symptoms of externalizing and internalizing problems from kindergarten to fourth-grade elementary school. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 569–582. doi:10.1017/S09545794100000283.CrossRefPubMed

Waters, E., & Cummings, E. M. (2000). A secure base from which to explore close relationships. Child Development, 71, 164–172. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00130.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process
Auteurs: E. Mark Cummings
Kalsea J. Koss
Patrick T. Davies
Publicatiedatum: 01-04-2015
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 3/2015
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9926-1

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2015

Erratum to: Emotional Variability in Mother-Adolescent Conflict Interactions and Internalizing Problems of Mothers and Adolescents: Dyadic and Individual Processes

Irritable and Defiant Sub-Dimensions of ODD: Their Stability and Prediction of Internalizing Symptoms and Conduct Problems from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder in Youths Receiving Outpatient Services: Frequent, but Not Specific

Parental Perfectionism and Overcontrol: Examining Mechanisms in the Development of Child Anxiety

It Gets Better: Future Orientation Buffers the Development of Hopelessness and Depressive Symptoms following Emotional Victimization during Early Adolescence

The Role of Individual and Collective Moral Disengagement in Peer Aggression and Bystanding: A Multilevel Analysis