Top

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

Gepubliceerd in:

01-02-2007 | Original Paper

Examining Subtypes of Behavior Problems Among 3-Year-Old Children, Part I: Investigating Validity of Subtypes and Biological Risk-Factors

Auteurs: Elizabeth A. Harvey, Julie L. Friedman-Weieneth, Lauren H. Goldstein, Alison H. Sherman

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 1/2007

Abstract

This study examined 3-year-old children who were classified as hyperactive (HYP), oppositional-defiant (OD), hyperactive and oppositional defiant (HYP/OD), and non-problem based on mothers’ reports of behavior. Using fathers,’ teachers,’ and observers’ ratings of children's behavior, concurrent validity was excellent for the HYP/OD group, moderate for the HYP group, and poor for the OD group. As predicted, both the HYP/OD and HYP groups reported more prenatal/perinatal birth complications and a greater family history of hyperactivity than did non-problem children. Furthermore, the HYP/OD group showed a greater family history of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms than did non-problem children; however, the HYP group also showed a greater family history of ODD than did non-problem children. Results suggest that as early as age 3, these behavior subtypes appear to be linked to biologically-based risk-factors in ways that are consistent with theories of the development of ADHD.

vorige artikel Sex Differences in the Pathway from Low Birth Weight to Inattention/hyperactivity

volgende artikel Examining Subtypes of Behavior Problems among 3-Year-Old Children, Part II: Investigating Differences in Parent Psychopathology, Couple Conflict, and Other Family Stressors

We did attempt to screen for children with elevated levels of inattention without hyperactivity. However, consistent with findings of Applegate et al. (1997), few children showed elevated attention problems without hyperactivity.

One additional child was recruited into the non-problem comparison group; however, behavioral observations and child care provider ratings indicated clinically significant levels of behavior problems, so he was not included.

Response rates could not be calculated for sites where packets were presented in a display for interested parents to take. At sites where packets were delivered directly to parents of 3-year-olds (e.g., via mail and through some pediatric practices), 20% of packets were completed and returned. However, this likely underestimates the response rate because many parents may have received more than one packet.

Partway through the recruitment phase, we began to use a shortened version of the BASC-PRS at the screening, because staff at recruitment sites reported that the length of the BASC seemed to be a deterrent to many parents with lower education. The shortened BASC contained items from the hyperactivity, aggression, attention problems, anxiety, and depression subscales. The full BASC-PRS was administered to all families at the first home visit.

Because we had difficulty recruiting enough Latino children who were eligible for the comparison group to fully match on ethnicity, European American children were selected to match some of the Latino externalizing children.

Allen et al. (1998) also included caffeine use in the substance use category and local anesthesia in the difficult delivery category. We did not include them because incidence rates were so high for each of these.

Mothers were not able to report on the child's fathers’ history of behavior problems in 29 of the families. Of the remaining 229 families, fathers were present to report on their symptoms for 147 families. An additional 82 mothers reported that they had sufficient second-hand information about the fathers’ childhood behavior to provide ratings. One hundred ninety-three families reported on the biological fathers’ siblings, and the father was present for 140 of these families. Ratings of paternal and paternal siblings’ hyperactivity, ODD, or CD symptoms did not differ significantly as a function of fathers’ presence during the interview (all p’s > .10).

In the few cases in which only the father completed the DISC or the screening BASC, these measures were not included in the index, so that mothers’ reports could be validated using fathers’ reports.

We considered whether observations in some settings (testing, structured vs. unstructured observation) might be more sensitive to differences across groups, particularly given these modest intercorrelations. Patterns of differences were in fact similar across settings, except that the HYP/OD group was rated as significantly more active than the non-problem group during the videotaped mother-child interaction (p < .05), but not during testing (p=.99).

Because both teachers and fathers identified children in the HYP/OD group as more oppositional-defiant/aggressive than children in the HYP group, but observational data did not, further analyses were conducted to explore this discrepancy. Chi-square tests were conducted to compare children in the HYP and HYP/OD groups on the presence or absence of each of the 8 DISC ODD symptoms. The six symptoms that were significant (all p's < .001) involved displays of anger and hostile behavior toward others; differences were not significant for argues (p=.11) and defiance (p=.20). This could explain why the HYP/OD and HYP groups did not differ on observed defiance/verbal aggression, but does not account for findings on observed negative affect.

We have chosen to use blocking variables rather than entering education as a covariate because of the potential pitfalls of using ANCOVAs to adjust for pre-existing group differences (Keppel & Wickens, 2004).

Abikoff, H. B., Jensen, P. S., Arnold, L. L. E., Hoza, B., Hechtman, L., Pollack, S., et al. (2002). Observed classroom behavior of children with ADHD: Relationship to gender and comorbidity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 349–359.PubMedCrossRef

Allen, N. B., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1998). Prenatal and perinatal influences on risk for psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 513–529.CrossRef

Applegate, B., Lahey, B. B., Hart, E., Biederman, J., Hynd, G. W., Barkley, R. A., et al. (1997). Validity of the age-of-onset criterion for ADHD: a report from the DSM-IV field trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1211–1222.PubMedCrossRef

August, G. J., Braswell, L., & Thuras, P. (1998). Diagnostic stability of ADHD in a community sample of school-aged children screened for disruptive behavior (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 345–360.PubMedCrossRef

Barkley, R. A. (1990). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65–94.PubMedCrossRef

Barkley, R. A. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment, 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press.

Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Edelbrock, C., & Smallish, L. (1991). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria-III. Mother-child interactions, family conflicts, and maternal psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 233–255.

Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (1998). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A clinical workbook. New York: Guilford Press.

Burt, S. A., McGue, M., Krueger, R. F., & Iacono, W. G. (2005). Sources of covariation among the child-externalizing disorders: Informant effects and the shared environment. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1133–1144.PubMedCrossRef

Campbell, S. B. (1995). Behavior problems in preschool children: A review of recent research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 113–149.PubMedCrossRef

Campbell, S. B., Ewing, L. J., Breaux, A. M., & Szumowski, E. K. (1986). Parent-referred problem three-year-olds: Follow-up at school entry. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 473–488.PubMedCrossRef

Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60, 837–844.PubMedCrossRef

Coy, K., Speltz, M. L., DeKlyen, M., & Jones, K. (2001). Social-cognitive processes in preschool boys with and without oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 107–119.

Cunningham, C. E., & Boyle, M. H. (2002). Preschoolers at risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: Family, parenting, and behavioral correlates. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 555–569.PubMedCrossRef

Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2003). A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 39, 349–371.PubMedCrossRef

DuPaul, G. J., Power, T. J., McGoey, K. E., Ikeda, M. J., & Anastopoulos, A. D. (1998). Reliability and validity of parent and teacher ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 16, 55–68.

Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2006). Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 313–337.PubMedCrossRef

Frick, P. J., Lahey, B. B., Christ, M. G., Loeber, R., & Green, S. (1991). History of childhood behavior problems in biological relatives of boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 445–451.CrossRef

Friedman-Weieneth, J. L., Doctoroff, G. L., Harvey, E. A., & Goldstein, L. H. (2006). The Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale-Parent Version (DBRS-PV): Factor analytic structure and validity among young preschool children. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Gadow, K., & Nolan, E. (2002). Differences between preschool children with ODD, ADHD and ODD+ADHD symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 43, 191–201.CrossRef

Hart, E. L., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Applegate, B., Green, S. M., & Frick, P. J. (1995). Developmental change in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys: A four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 729–749.PubMedCrossRef

Hartsough, C. S., & Lambert, N.M. (1985). Medical factors in hyperactive and normal children: Prenatal, development, and health history findings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55, 190–201.PubMedCrossRef

Jensen, P. S., Hinshaw, S. P., Kraemer, H. C., Lenora, N., Newcorn, J, Abikoff, H., et al. (2001). ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: Comparing comorbid subgroups. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 147–158.PubMedCrossRef

Johnston, C. (1996). Parent characteristics and parent-child interactions in families of non-problem children and ADHD children with higher and lower levels of oppositional-defiant behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 85–104.PubMedCrossRef

Keenan, K., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2000). More than the terrible twos: The nature and severity of behavior problems in clinic-referred preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 33–46.PubMedCrossRef

Keenan, K., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2004). Are oppositional defiant and conduct disorder symptoms normative behaviors in preschoolers? A comparison of referred and nonreferred children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 356–358.PubMedCrossRef

Keppel, G., & Wickens, T. D. (2004). Design & analysis: A researcher's handbook. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Kim-Cohen, J., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Toms, M., Taylor, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2005). Validity of DSM-IV conduct disorder in 4 1/2-5-year-old children: A longitudinal epidemiological study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1108–1117.PubMedCrossRef

Lahey, B. B., & Loeber, R. (1994). Framework for a developmental model of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. In D. K. Routh (Ed.), Disruptive behavior disorders in childhood (pp. 139–180). New York: Plenum Press.

Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., & Loney, J. (2004). Three-year predictive validity of DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children diagnosed at 4–6 years of age. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 2014–2020.

Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Stein, M. A., Loney, J., Trapani, C., Nugent, K., et al. (1998). Validity of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder for younger children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 695–703.PubMedCrossRef

Lahey, B. B., & Waldman, I. D. (2003). A developmental propensity model of the origins of conduct problems during childhood and adolescence. In B. B. Lahey, T. E. Moffitt, & A. Caspi (Eds.), Causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency (pp. 76–117). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Lavigne, J. V., Arend, R., Rosenbaum, D., Binns, H. J., Christoffel, K. K., & Gibbons, R. D. (1998). Psychiatric disorders with onset in the preschool years: I. Stability of diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1246–1254.

Lochman, J. E., & Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (1995). Screening of child behavior problems for prevention programs at school entry. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 549–559.PubMedCrossRef

Moffitt, T. E. (1990). Juvenile delinquency and attention deficit disorder: Boys’ developmental trajectories from age 3 to age 15. Child Development, 61, 893–910.PubMedCrossRef

Moffitt, T. E. (1993). The neuropsychology of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 135–151.CrossRef

Nagin, D., & Tremblay R. E. (1999). Trajectories of boys’ physical aggression, opposition, and hyperactivity on the path to physically violent and nonviolent juvenile delinquency. Child Development, 70, 1181–1196.PubMedCrossRef

Orlebeke, J. F., Knol, D. L., & Verhulst, F. C. (1999). Child behavior problems increased by maternal smoking during pregnancy. Archives of Environmental Health, 54, 15–20.PubMedCrossRef

Ostrander, R., Weinfurt, K. P., Yarnold, P. R., & August, G. J. (1998). Diagnosing attention deficit disorders with the Behavioral Assessment System for Children and the Child Behavior Checklist: Test and construct validity analyses using optimal discriminant classification trees. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 660–672.PubMedCrossRef

Patterson, G. R. (1992). Developmental changes in antisocial behavior. In R. D. Peters, R. J. McMahon, & V. L. Quinsey (Eds.), Aggression and violence throughout the life span. (pp. 52–82). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (1992). Behavior Assessment System for Children. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

Ross, C. N., Blanc, H. M., McNeil, C. B., Eyberg, S. M., & Hembree-Kigin, T. L. (1998). Parenting stress in mothers of young children with oppositional defiant disorder and other severe behavior problems. Child Study Journal, 28, 93–110.

Schwebel, D. C., Speltz, M. L., Jones, K., & Bardina, P. (2002). Unintentional injury in preschool boys with and without early onset of disruptive behavior. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27, 727–737.PubMedCrossRef

Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28–38.PubMedCrossRef

Silberg, J. L., Rutter, M., & Meyer, J. (1996). Genetic and environmental influences on the covariation between hyperactivity and conduct disturbance in juvenile twins. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 803–816.PubMedCrossRef

Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Lamparelli, M., Stevenson, J., Thompson, M., & Henry, A. (1994). Behaviour problems and preschool intellectual attainment: The associations of hyperactivity and conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 949–960.

Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Thompson, M., Stevenson, J., & Viney, D. (1997). Patterns of behaviour problems among pre-school children. Psychological Medicine, 27, 909–918.PubMedCrossRef

Speltz, M. L., DeKlyen, M., Calderon, R., Greenberg, M. T., & Fisher, P. A. (1999). Neuropsychological characteristics and test behaviors of boys with early onset conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 315–325.PubMedCrossRef

Speltz, M. L., DeKlyen, M., & Greenberg, M. T. (1999). Attachment in boys with early onset conduct problems. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 269–285.PubMedCrossRef

Speltz, M. L., McClellan, J., DeKlyen, M., & Jones, K. (1999). Preschool boys with oppositional defiant disorder: Clinical presentation and diagnostic change. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 838–845.CrossRef

Sprich-Buckminster, S., Biederman, J., & Milberger, S., Faraone, S. V., & Lehman, B. K. (1993). Are perinatal complications relevant to the manifestation of ADD? Issues of comorbidity and familiarity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1032–1037.CrossRef

Stormont-Spurgin, M., & Zentall, S. S. (1995). Contributing factors in the manifestation of aggression in preschoolers with hyperactivity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 491–509.PubMedCrossRef

U.S. Census Bureau (2006). Fact sheets for Hampshire, Hampden, and Franklin County, Massachusetts. http://factfinder.census.gov.

Wakschlag, L. S., & Keenan, K. (2001). Clinical significance and correlates of disruptive behavior in environmentally at-risk preschoolers. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 262–275.PubMedCrossRef

Waschbusch, D. A. (2002). A meta-analytic examination of comorbid hyperactive-impulsive-attention problems and conduct problems. Psychological Bulletin, 1, 118–150.CrossRef

Zappitelli, M., Pinto, T., & Grizenko, N. (2001). Pre-, peri-, and postnatal trauma in subjects with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 542–548.

Zito, J. M., Safer, D. J., dosReis, S., Gardner, J. F., Boles, M., & Lynch, F. (2000). Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications to preschoolers. JAMA, 283, 1025–1030.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Examining Subtypes of Behavior Problems Among 3-Year-Old Children, Part I: Investigating Validity of Subtypes and Biological Risk-Factors
Auteurs: Elizabeth A. Harvey
Julie L. Friedman-Weieneth
Lauren H. Goldstein
Alison H. Sherman
Publicatiedatum: 01-02-2007
Uitgeverij: Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 1/2007
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-006-9087-y

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2007

Examining Subtypes of Behavior Problems Among 3-Year-Old Children, Part III: Investigating Differences in Parenting Practices and Parenting Stress

Longitudinal Associations Between Fathers’ Heavy Drinking Patterns and Children’s Psychosocial Adjustment

Is Theory of Mind Understanding Impaired in Males with Fragile X Syndrome?

Psychopathological Profile in Children with Chronic Tic Disorder and Co-existing ADHD: Additive Effects

Sex Differences in the Pathway from Low Birth Weight to Inattention/hyperactivity

Familial Association and Frequency of Learning Disabilities in ADHD Sibling Pair Families