Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Non-invasive assessment of coronary calcification

  • Review
  • Published:
European Journal of Epidemiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Electron-beam tomography (EBT) and multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) enable the noninvasive assessment of coronary calcification. The amount of coronary calcification, as detected by EBT, has a close relation with the amount of coronary atherosclerosis, which is the substrate for the occurrence of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. Calcification of the coronary arteries can be seen as a cumulative measure of life-time exposure to cardiovascular risk factors. Several studies have shown that the amount of coronary calcification is associated with the risk of coronary heart disease. Therefore, coronary calcification is a promising method for non-invasive detection of asymptomatic subjects at high risk of developing coronary heart disease. Whether measurement of coronary calcification also increases the predictive power of coronary events based on cardiovascular risk factors is topic of current research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • JA Hoff EV Chomka AJ Krainik M Daviglus S Rich GT Kondos (2001) ArticleTitleAge and gender distributions of coronary artery calcium detected by electron beam tomography in 35,246 adults Am J Cardiol 87 1335–1339 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01548-X Occurrence Handle11397349 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktVOjtbg%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P Raggi TQ Callister (2000) Concise review: Electron beam tomography for early detection of coronary heart disease E Braunwald AS Fauci KJ Isselbacher (Eds) et al. Harrison’s Online McGraw-Hill Companies NewYork, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • M Goel ND Wong H Eisenberg J Hagar K Kelly JM Tobis (1992) ArticleTitleRisk factor correlates of coronary calcium as evaluated by ultrafast computed tomography Am J Cardiol 70 977–980 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0002-9149(92)90346-Z Occurrence Handle1414915 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FjsV2luw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ND Wong D Kouwabunpat AN Vo et al. (1994) ArticleTitleCoronary calcium and atherosclerosis by ultrafast computed tomography in asymptomatic men and women: Relation to age and risk factors Am Heart J 127 422–430 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0002-8703(94)90133-3 Occurrence Handle8296711 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2c7islektA%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WR Janowitz AS Agatston G Kaplan M Viamonte (1993) ArticleTitleDifferences in prevalence and extent of coronary artery calcium detected by ultrafast computed tomography in asymptomatic men and women Am J Cardiol 72 247–254 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0002-9149(93)90668-3 Occurrence Handle8342500 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3szktlSqsw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LF Bielak PF Sheedy PA Peyser (2001) ArticleTitleCoronary artery calcification measured at electron-beam CT: Agreement in dual scan runs and change over time Radiology 218 224–229 Occurrence Handle11152806 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzitFCntw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HB Hubert M Feinleib PM McNamara WP Castelli (1983) ArticleTitleObesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study Circulation 67 968–977 Occurrence Handle6219830 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL3s7ls1WhtA%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JE Maher JA Raz LF Bielak PF Sheedy Suffix2nd RS Schwartz PA Peyser (1996) ArticleTitlePotential of quantity of coronary artery calcification to identify new risk factors for asymptomatic atherosclerosis Am J Epidemiol 144 943–953 Occurrence Handle8916505 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2Fntl2mtA%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Y Arad D Newstein F Cadet M Roth AD Guerci (2001) ArticleTitleAssociation of multiple risk factors and insulin resistance with increased prevalence of asymptomatic coronary artery disease by an electron-beam computed tomographic study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 2051–2058 Occurrence Handle11742884 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjtFGm Occurrence Handle10.1161/hq1201.100257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LT Mahoney TL Burns W Stanford et al. (1996) ArticleTitleCoronary risk factors measured in childhood and young adult life are associated with coronary artery calcification in young adults: The Muscatine Study J Am Coll Cardiol 27 277–284 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0735-1097(95)00461-0 Occurrence Handle8557894 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK287lt1aruw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AB Newman BL Naydeck K Sutton-Tyrrell A Feldman D Edmundowicz LH Kuller (2001) ArticleTitleCoronary artery calcification in older adults to age 99: Prevalence and risk factors Circulation 104 2679–2684 Occurrence Handle11723018 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mnns1Oqsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1161/hc4601.099464

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Stokes Suffix3rd WB Kannel PA Wolf RB D’Agostino LA Cupples (1989) ArticleTitleBlood pressure as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study–30 years of follow-up Hypertension 13 I13–I18 Occurrence Handle2535213

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. Guidelines Subcommittee. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 151–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • DH O’Leary JF Polak RA Kronmal et al. (1992) ArticleTitleDistribution and correlates of sonographically detected carotid artery disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study. The CHS Collaborative Research Group Stroke 23 1752–1760 Occurrence Handle1448826 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByyD2sbntlE%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ML Bots PJ Breslau E Briet et al. (1992) ArticleTitleCardiovascular determinants of carotid artery disease. The Rotterdam Elderly Study Hypertension 19 717–720 Occurrence Handle1592472 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK383nsFOmtw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JL Megnien A Simon M Lemariey MC Plainfosse J Levenson (1996) ArticleTitleHypertension promotes coronary calcium deposit in asymptomatic men Hypertension 27 949–954 Occurrence Handle8613273 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK287osF2htg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P Jousilahti E Vartiainen J Pekkanen J Tuomilehto J Sundvall P Puska (1998) ArticleTitleSerum cholesterol distribution and coronary heart disease risk: Observations and predictions among middle-aged population in eastern Finland Circulation 97 1087–1094 Occurrence Handle9531256 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c7ovFOnsQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JP Strong ML Richards (1976) ArticleTitleCigarette smoking and atherosclerosis in autopsied men Atherosclerosis 23 451–476 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0021-9150(76)90007-1 Occurrence Handle1267863 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE287osVaksQ%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GS Mintz AD Pichard JJ Popma et al. (1997) ArticleTitleDeterminants and correlates of target lesion calcium in coronary artery disease: A clinical, angiographic and intravascular ultrasound study J Am Coll Cardiol 29 268–274 Occurrence Handle9014977 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2s7mslarug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00479-2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EM Tuzcu B Berkalp AC De Franco et al. (1996) ArticleTitleThe dilemma of diagnosing coronary calcification: Angiography versus intravascular ultrasound J Am Coll Cardiol 27 832–838 Occurrence Handle8613611 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK283gt1yrsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0735-1097(95)00537-4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R Kornowski (1999) ArticleTitleImpact of smoking on coronary atherosclerosis and remodeling as determined by intravascular ultrasonic imaging Am J Cardiol 83 443–445 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00882-0 Occurrence Handle10072238 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M7ntVCmtg%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S Schurgin S Rich T Mazzone (2001) ArticleTitleIncreased prevalence of significant coronary artery calcification in patients with diabetes Diabetes Care 24 335–338 Occurrence Handle11213888 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7otVSitw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.2337/diacare.24.2.335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CH Mielke JP Shields LD Broemeling (2001) ArticleTitleCoronary artery calcium, coronary artery disease, and diabetes Diabetes Res Clin Pract 53 55–61 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0168-8227(01)00239-X Occurrence Handle11378214 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3pslemsQ%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HM Colhoun MB Rubens SR Underwood JH Fuller (2000) ArticleTitleThe effect of type 1 diabetes mellitus on the gender difference in coronary artery calcification J Am Coll Cardiol 36 2160–2167 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00986-4 Occurrence Handle11127456 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXptFSqtbo%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JA Hoff EV Chomka AJ Krainik M Daviglus S Rich GT Kondos (2001) ArticleTitleAge and gender distributions of coronary artery calcium detected by electron beam tomography in 35,246 adults Am J Cardiol 87 1335–1339 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01548-X Occurrence Handle11397349 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktVOjtbg%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T Yang TM Doherty ND Wong RC Detrano (1999) ArticleTitleAlcohol consumption, coronary calcium, and coronary heart disease events Am J Cardiol 84 802–806 Occurrence Handle10513777 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1MvktF2gtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00440-3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CH Hennekens B Rosner DS Cole (1978) ArticleTitleDaily alcohol consumption and fatal coronary heart disease Am J Epidemiol 107 196–200 Occurrence Handle629256 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE1c7itFagsg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AL Klatsky GD Friedman AB Siegelaub (1981) ArticleTitleAlcohol and mortality. A ten-year Kaiser-Permanente experience Ann Intern Med 95 139–145 Occurrence Handle7258861 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL3M3lsVShuw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • I Suh BJ Shaten JA Cutler LH Kuller (1992) ArticleTitleAlcohol use and mortality from coronary heart disease: The role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group Ann Intern Med 116 881–887 Occurrence Handle1580443 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK383lsFSqsA%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CA Camargo SuffixJr. MJ Stampfer RJ Glynn et al. (1997) ArticleTitleModerate alcohol consumption and risk for angina pectoris or myocardial infarction in U.S. male physicians Ann Intern Med 126 372–375 Occurrence Handle9054281

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • PM Ridker JE Buring J Shih M Matias CH Hennekens (1998) ArticleTitleProspective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women Circulation 98 731–733 Occurrence Handle9727541 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlvVyjtbY%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PM Ridker M Cushman MJ Stampfer RP Tracy CH Hennekens (1997) ArticleTitleInflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men N Engl J Med 336 973–979 Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM199704033361401 Occurrence Handle9077376 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXisFOrtL0%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PM Ridker RJ Glynn CH Hennekens (1998) ArticleTitleC-reactive protein adds to the predictive value of total and HDL cholesterol in determining risk of first myocardial infarction Circulation 97 2007–2011 Occurrence Handle9610529 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c3nt1Slsg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G Liuzzo LM Biasucci JR Gallimore et al. (1994) ArticleTitleThe prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid a protein in severe unstable angina N Engl J Med 331 417–424 Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM199408183310701 Occurrence Handle7880233 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2czgvFKruw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SG Thompson J Kienast SD Pyke F Haverkate JC van de Loo (1995) ArticleTitleHemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris.European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group N Engl J Med 332 635–641 Occurrence Handle7845427 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2M7ksl2gsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM199503093321003

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F Haverkate SG Thompson SD Pyke JR Gallimore MB Pepys (1997) ArticleTitleProduction of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group Lancet 349 462–466 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07591-5 Occurrence Handle9040576 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2s7pt12rtg%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LH Kuller RP Tracy J Shaten EN Meilahn (1996) ArticleTitleRelation of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case–control study. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Am J Epidemiol 144 537–547 Occurrence Handle8797513 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK28zptVGhtQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PM Ridker M Cushman MJ Stampfer RP Tracy CH Hennekens (1998) ArticleTitlePlasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease Circulation 97 425–428 Occurrence Handle9490235 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c7ktVKktQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Erren H Reinecke R Junker et al. (1999) ArticleTitleSystemic inflammatory parameters in patients with atherosclerosis of the coronary and peripheral arteries Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19 2355–2363 Occurrence Handle10521364 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1MvltlWltw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RF Redberg N Rifai L Gee PM Ridker (2000) ArticleTitleLack of association of C-reactive protein and coronary calcium by electron beam computed tomography in postmenopausal women: Implications for coronary artery disease screening J Am Coll Cardiol 36 39–43 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00680-X Occurrence Handle10898410 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXlsFGgs78%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ME Hunt PG O’Malley MN Vernalis IM Feuerstein AJ Taylor (2001) ArticleTitleC-reactive protein is not associated with the presence or extent of calcified subclinical atherosclerosis Am Heart J 141 206–210 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mhj.2001.112488 Occurrence Handle11174333 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhsFCksrY%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LF Bielak GG Klee PF Sheedy ST Turner RS Schwartz PA Peyser (2000) ArticleTitleAssociation of fibrinogen with quantity of coronary artery calcification measured by electron beam computed tomography Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 2167–2171 Occurrence Handle10978265 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvot1Wisw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G Maresca A Di Blasio R Marchioli G Di Minno (1999) ArticleTitleMeasuring plasma fibrinogen to predict stroke and myocardial infarction: An update Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19 1368–1377 Occurrence Handle10364066 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M3ptlSrtA%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Danesh R Collins P Appleby R Peto (1998) ArticleTitleAssociation of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: Meta-analyses of prospective studies JAMA 279 1477–1482 Occurrence Handle10.1001/jama.279.18.1477 Occurrence Handle9600484 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c3mtFWisw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TW Meade S Mellows M Brozovic et al. (1986) ArticleTitleHaemostatic function and ischaemic heart disease: Principal results of the Northwick Park Heart Study Lancet 2 533–537 Occurrence Handle2875280 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL28zgvFyjsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90111-X

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AR Folsom KK Wu WD Rosamond AR Sharrett LE Chambless (1997) ArticleTitleProspective study of hemostatic factors and incidence of coronary heart disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Circulation 96 1102–1108 Occurrence Handle9286936 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2svjtFCgsw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Levenson P Giral JL Megnien J Gariepy MC Plainfosse A Simon (1997) ArticleTitleFibrinogen and its relations to subclinical extracoronary and coronary atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic men Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 45–50 Occurrence Handle9012636 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2s7msVyktg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TA Pearson (2002) ArticleTitleNew tools for coronary risk assessment: What are their advantages and limitations? Circulation 105 886–892 Occurrence Handle10.1161/hc0702.103727 Occurrence Handle11854132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ES Ford SJ Smith DF Stroup KK Steinberg PW Mueller SB Thacker (2002) ArticleTitleHomocyst(e)ine and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review of the evidence with special emphasis on case-control studies and nested case-control studies Int J Epidemiol 31 59–70 Occurrence Handle10.1093/ije/31.1.59 Occurrence Handle11914295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J Zhou J Moller CC Danielsen et al. (2001) ArticleTitleDietary supplementation with methionine and homocysteine promotes early atherosclerosis but not plaque rupture in ApoE-deficient mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 1470–1476 Occurrence Handle11557674 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXntVGku7g%3D Occurrence Handle10.1161/hq0901.096582

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MA Hofmann E Lalla Y Lu et al. (2001) ArticleTitleHyperhomocysteinemia enhances vascular inflammation and accelerates atherosclerosis in a murine model J Clin Invest 107 675–683 Occurrence Handle11254667 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXitVGns70%3D Occurrence Handle10.1172/JCI10588

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G Schnyder M Roffi R Pin et al. (2001) ArticleTitleDecreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels N Engl J Med 345 1593–1600 Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJMoa011364 Occurrence Handle11757505 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXoslyhsLg%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AJ Taylor I Feuerstein H Wong W Barko M Brazaitis PG O’Malley (2001) ArticleTitleDo conventional risk factors predict subclinical coronary artery disease? Results from the Prospective Army Coronary Calcium Project Am Heart J 141 463–468 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mhj.2001.113069 Occurrence Handle11231446 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7mtVCiug%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HR Superko HS Hecht (2001) ArticleTitleMetabolic disorders contribute to subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in patients with coronary calcification Am J Cardiol 88 260–264 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01637-X Occurrence Handle11472704 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXltlOju78%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HC McGill SuffixJr. JP Strong (1968) ArticleTitleThe geographic pathology of atherosclerosis Ann NY Acad Sci 149 923–927 Occurrence Handle5253798 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1749-6632.1968.tb53846.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • JP Strong GT Malcom CA McMahan et al. (1999) ArticleTitlePrevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: Implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study JAMA 281 727–735 Occurrence Handle10.1001/jama.281.8.727 Occurrence Handle10052443 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M7lvFyjug%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DS Freedman WP Newman Suffix3rd RE Tracy et al. (1988) ArticleTitleBlack-white differences in aortic fatty streaks in adolescence and early adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study Circulation 77 856–864 Occurrence Handle3258194 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL1c7msFCntQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DE Bild AR Folsom LP Lowe et al. (2001) ArticleTitlePrevalence and correlates of coronary calcification in black and white young adults: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 852–857 Occurrence Handle11348886 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjs1aitbc%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AB Newman BL Naydeck J Whittle K Sutton-Tyrrell D Edmundowicz LH Kuller (2002) ArticleTitleRacial differences in coronary artery calcification in older adults Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22 424–430 Occurrence Handle11884285 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XitFGhur8%3D Occurrence Handle10.1161/hq0302.105357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TM Doherty W Tang RC Detrano (1999) ArticleTitleRacial differences in the significance of coronary calcium in asymptomatic black and white subjects with coronary risk factors J Am Coll Cardiol 34 787–794 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00258-2 Occurrence Handle10483961 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmt12hu7s%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ML Bots AW Hoes PJ Koudstaal A Hofman DE Grobbee (1997) ArticleTitleCommon carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: The Rotterdam Study Circulation 96 1432–1437 Occurrence Handle9315528 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2svlvFGlug%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DH O’Leary JF Polak RA Kronmal TA Manolio GL Burke SK Wolfson SuffixJr. (1999) ArticleTitleCarotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group N Engl J Med 340 14–22 Occurrence Handle9878640 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FptVyksw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM199901073400103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AB Newman L Shemanski TA Manolio et al. (1999) ArticleTitleAnkle-arm index as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study. The Cardiovascular Health Study Group Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19 538–545 Occurrence Handle10073955 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M7nsVWjsQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JCM Witteman FJ Kok JL van Saase HA Valkenburg (1986) ArticleTitleAortic calcification as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality Lancet 2 1120–1122 Occurrence Handle2877272 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2FjvVChtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90530-1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HH Oei R Vliegenthart AE Hak et al. (2002) ArticleTitleThe association between coronary calcification assessed by electron beam computed tomography and measures of extracoronary atherosclerosis: The Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study J Am Coll Cardiol 39 1745–1751 Occurrence Handle12039486 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01853-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • PH Davis JD Dawson LT Mahoney RM Lauer (1999) ArticleTitleIncreased carotid intimal-medial thickness and coronary calcification are related in young and middle-aged adults. The Muscatine study Circulation 100 838–842 Occurrence Handle10458720 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1MzovVehtw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JL Megnien V Sene S Jeannin et al. (1992) ArticleTitleCoronary calcification and its relation to extracoronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic hypercholesterolemic men. The PCV METRA Group Circulation 85 1799–1807 Occurrence Handle1572036 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK383ktVOltw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LH Kuller KA Matthews K Sutton-Tyrrell D Edmundowicz CH Bunker (1999) ArticleTitleCoronary and aortic calcification among women 8 years after menopause and their premenopausal risk factors: The healthy women study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19 2189–2198 Occurrence Handle10479662 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1MvhtVyhsw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SA Grover L Coupal XP Hu (1995) ArticleTitleIdentifying adults at increased risk of coronary disease. How well do the current cholesterol guidelines work? JAMA 274 801–806 Occurrence Handle10.1001/jama.274.10.801 Occurrence Handle7650803 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXoslartLY%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JA Rumberger DB Simons LA Fitzpatrick PF Sheedy RS Schwartz (1995) ArticleTitleCoronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. A histopathologic correlative study Circulation 92 2157–2162 Occurrence Handle7554196 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FhslaqsA%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L Wexler B Brundage J Crouse et al. (1996) ArticleTitleCoronary artery calcification: Pathophysiology, epidemiology, imaging methods, and clinical implications. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Writing Group Circulation 94 1175–1192 Occurrence Handle8790070 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK28zot1ajtA%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Y Arad LA Spadaro K Goodman D Newstein AD Guerci (2000) ArticleTitlePrediction of coronary events with electron beam computed tomography J Am Coll Cardiol 36 1253–1260 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00872-X Occurrence Handle11028480 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvnslWisg%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ND Wong JC Hsu RC Detrano G Diamond H Eisenberg JM Gardin (2000) ArticleTitleCoronary artery calcium evaluation by electron beam computed tomography and its relation to new cardiovascular events Am J Cardiol 86 495–498 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0002-9149(00)01000-6 Occurrence Handle11009264 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvlt1yrsQ%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P Raggi TQ Callister B Cooil et al. (2000) ArticleTitleIdentification of patients at increased risk of first unheralded acute myocardial infarction by electron-beam computed tomography Circulation 101 850–855 Occurrence Handle10694523 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7mtVKnuw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RC Detrano ND Wong TM Doherty et al. (1999) ArticleTitleCoronary calcium does not accurately predict near-term future coronary events in high-risk adults Circulation 99 2633–2638 Occurrence Handle10338455 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M3ntVynsQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R Park R Detrano M Xiang et al. (2002) ArticleTitleCombined use of computed tomography coronary calcium scores and C-reactive protein levels in predicting cardiovascular events in nondiabetic individuals Circulation 106 2073–2077 Occurrence Handle12379576 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xns1Sns7Y%3D Occurrence Handle10.1161/01.CIR.0000033819.29662.09

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R Vliegenthart M Hollander MM Breteler et al. (2002) ArticleTitleStroke is associated with coronary calcification as detected by electron-beam CT: The Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study Stroke 33 462–465 Occurrence Handle10.1161/hs0202.103071 Occurrence Handle11823653

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • HC Yoon AM Emerick JA Hill DW Gjertson JG Goldin (2002) ArticleTitleCalcium begets calcium: Progression of coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic subjects Radiology 224 236–241 Occurrence Handle12091689 Occurrence Handle10.1148/radiol.2241011191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • JE Maher LF Bielak JA Raz PF Sheedy RS Schwartz PA Peyser (1999) ArticleTitleProgression of coronary artery calcification: A pilot study Mayo Clin Proc 74 347–355 Occurrence Handle10221462 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M3js1Kmsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.4065/74.4.347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K Pohle R Maffert D Ropers et al. (2001) ArticleTitleProgression of aortic valve calcification: Association with coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors Circulation 104 1927–1932 Occurrence Handle11602496 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrlsFGmtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1161/hc4101.097527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WR Janowitz AS Agatston M Viamonte SuffixJr. (1991) ArticleTitleComparison of serial quantitative evaluation of calcified coronary artery plaque by ultrafast computed tomography in persons with and without obstructive coronary artery disease Am J Cardiol 68 1–6 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0002-9149(91)90700-U Occurrence Handle2058541 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3M3otFKlsA%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TQ Callister B Cooil SP Raya NJ Lippolis DJ Russo P Raggi (1998) ArticleTitleCoronary artery disease: Improved reproducibility of calcium scoring with an electron-beam CT volumetric method Radiology 208 807–814 Occurrence Handle9722864 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1czptVSrug%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TQ Callister P Raggi B Cooil NJ Lippolis DJ Russo (1998) ArticleTitleEffect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by electron-beam computed tomography N Engl J Med 339 1972–1978 Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM199812313392703 Occurrence Handle9869668 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXltlaksQ%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MJ Budoff KL Lane H Bakhsheshi et al. (2000) ArticleTitleRates of progression of coronary calcium by electron beam tomography Am J Cardiol 86 8–11 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0002-9149(00)00820-1 Occurrence Handle10867084 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXktFSisrY%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S Achenbach D Ropers K Pohle et al. (2002) ArticleTitleInfluence of lipid-lowering on the progression of coronary artery calcification: A prospective evaluation Circulation 106 1077–1082 Occurrence Handle10.1161/01.CIR.0000027567.49283.FF Occurrence Handle12196332 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntVKlu7k%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Shemesh S Apter CI Stroh Y Itzchak M Motro (2000) ArticleTitleTracking coronary calcification by using dual-section spiral CT: A 3-year follow-up Radiology 217 461–465 Occurrence Handle11058646 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3crhtFCjtw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Shemesh S Apter D Stolero Y Itzchak M Motro (2001) ArticleTitleAnnual progression of coronary artery calcium by spiral computed tomography in hypertensive patients without myocardial ischemia but with prominent atherosclerotic risk factors, in patients with previous angina pectoris or healed acute myocardial infarction, and in patients with coronary events during follow-up Am J Cardiol 87 1395–1397 Occurrence Handle11397362 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzivFCksQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01561-2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CH Mielke JP Shields LD Broemeling (2001) ArticleTitleCoronary artery calcium, coronary artery disease, and diabetes Diabetes Res Clin Pract 53 55–61 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0168-8227(01)00239-X Occurrence Handle11378214 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3pslemsQ%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, University Hospital Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Rozemarijn Vliegenthart, Hok-Hay S. Oei, Albert Hofman, Matthijs Oudkerk & Jackqueline C. M. Witteman

Authors
  1. Rozemarijn Vliegenthart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hok-Hay S. Oei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Albert Hofman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Matthijs Oudkerk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jackqueline C. M. Witteman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rozemarijn Vliegenthart.

Additional information

Medical Radiology, Diagnostic Imaging Series: Coronary Radiology, ‘Epidemiology of Coronary Calcification’, R. Vliegenthart and H.H.S. Oei, 2004, pp. 215–224.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vliegenthart, R., Oei, HH.S., Hofman, A. et al. Non-invasive assessment of coronary calcification. Eur J Epidemiol 19, 1063–1072 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-004-6527-2

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-004-6527-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation