Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Identifying Potential Mediators and Moderators of the Association Between Child Maltreatment and Bullying Perpetration and Victimization in School

  • Review
  • Published:
Educational Psychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A growing body of literature is demonstrating associations between childhood maltreatment and bullying involvement at school. In this literature review, four potential mediators (explanatory) and three potential moderators (mitigates or exacerbates) of the association between childhood maltreatment and school bullying are proposed. Mediators include emotional dysregulation, depression, anger, and social skills deficits. Moderators reviewed include quality of parent–child relationships, peer relationships, and teacher relationships. Although there might be insurmountable challenges to addressing child maltreatment in primary or universal school-based prevention programs, it is possible to intervene to improve these potentially mediating and moderating factors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akers, R. (1998). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altshuler, S. J. (1997). A reveille for school social workers: Children in foster care need our help! [Trends & issues]. Social Work Education, 19, 121–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altshuler, S. J. (2003). From barriers to successful collaboration: Public schools and child welfare working together. Social Work, 48, 52–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arsenio, W. F., & Lemerise, E. A. (2001). Varieties of childhood bullying: Values, emotion processes, and social competences. Social Development, 10, 59–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aspelmeier, J. E., Elliott, A. N., & Smith, C. H. (2007). Childhood sexual abuse, attachment, and trauma symptoms in college females: The moderating role of attachment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 549–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bacon, H. (2001). Attachment, trauma and child sexual abuse: An exploration. In S. Richardson & H. Bacon (Eds.), Creative responses to child sexual abuse: Challenges and dilemmas (pp. 44–59). London: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldry, A. C., & Farrington, D. P. (1998). Parenting influences on bullying and victimization. Criminal and Legal Psychology, 3, 237–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldry, A. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2005). Protective factors as moderators of risk factors in adolescence bullying. Social Psychology of Education, 8, 263–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barboza, G. E., Schiamberg, L. B., Oehmke, J., Korzeniewski, S. J., Post, L. A., & Heraux, C. G. (2009). Individual characteristics and the multiple contexts of adolescent bullying: An ecological perspective. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 101–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, K. (2010). Why do some maltreated youth become juvenile offenders? A call for further investigation and adaptation of youth services. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 466–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J. A. (2000). Mediator and moderator variables in nursing research: Conceptual and statistical differences. Research in Nursing & Health, 23, 415–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, D. S., Sullivan, M. W., & Lewis, M. (2005). Young children’s adjustment as a function of maltreatment, shame, and anger. Child Maltreatment, 10, 311–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bevan, E., & Higgins, D. J. (2002). Is domestic violence learned? The contribution of five forms of child maltreatment to men’s violence and adjustment. Journal of Family Violence, 17, 223–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolger, K. E., & Patterson, C. J. (2001). Developmental pathways from child maltreatment to peer rejection. Child Development, 72, 549–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolger, K. E., Patterson, C. J., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1998). Peer relationships and self-esteem among children who have been maltreated. Child Development, 69, 1171–1197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollmer, J. M., Milich, R., Harris, M. J., & Maras, M. A. (2005). A friend in need: The role of friendship quality as a protective factor in peer victimization and bullying. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 701–712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bornovalova, M. A., Gwadz, M. A., Kahler, C., Aklin, W. M., & Lejuez, C. W. (2008). Sensation seeking and risk-taking propensity as mediators in the relationship between childhood abuse and HIV-related risk behavior. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 99–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth, K., Espelage, D. L., & Simon, T. (1999). Factors associated with bullying behavior in middle school students. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 341–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briere, J., & Elliott, D. M. (2003). Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in a general population sample of men and women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 1205–1222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browne, A., & Finkelhor, D. (1986). Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 66–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camodeca, M., & Goossens, F. A. (2005). Aggression, social cognitions, anger and sadness in bullies and victims. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 186–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassady, J., & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 348–365). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Champion, K., Vernberg, E., & Shipman, K. (2003). Nonbullying victims of bullies: Aggression, social skills, and friendship characteristics. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 535–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, L., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., & McBride-Chang, C. (2003). Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 598–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapple, C. L., Tyler, K. A., & Bersani, B. E. (2005). Child neglect and adolescent violence: Examining the effects of self-control and peer rejection. Violence and Victims, 20, 39–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Child Welfare Information Gateway (2007). Definitions in federal law. Retrieved July 14, 2011, from http://www.childwelfare.gov/can/defining/federal.cfm.

  • Cicchetti, D. (1989). How research on child maltreatment has informed the study of child development: Perspectives from developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 377–431). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., Lynch, M. L., Shonk, S., & Manly, J. T. (1992). An organizational perspective on peer relations in maltreated children. In R. D. Parke & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Family-peer relationships: Modes of linkage (pp. 345–383). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Contreras, J. M., & Kerns, K. A. (2000). Emotional regulation processes: Explaining links between parent–child attachment and peer relationships. In K. A. Kerns, J. M. Contreras, & A. M. Neal-Barnett (Eds.), Family and peers: Linking two social worlds (pp. 137–168). Westport: Praefer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Contreras, J. M., Kerns, K. A., Weimer, B. L., Gentzler, A. L., & Tomich, P. L. (2000). Emotion regulation as a mediator of associations between mother–child attachment and peer relationships in middle childhood. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 111–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cyr, M., McDuff, P., & Wright, J. (2006). Prevalence and predictors of dating violence among adolescent female victims of child sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 1000–1017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danielson, C. K., de Arellano, M. A., Kilpatrick, D. G., Saunders, B. E., & Resnick, H. S. (2005). Child maltreatment in depressed adolescents: Differences in symptomatology based on history of abuse. Child Maltreatment, 10, 37–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demaray, M. K., & Malecki, C. K. (2003). Perceptions of the frequency and importance of social support by students classified as victims, bullies and bully/victims in an urban middle school. School Psychology Review, 32, 471–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeRosier, M. E. (2004). Building relationships and combating bullying: Effectiveness of a school-based social skills group intervention. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 196–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dill, E. J., Vernberg, E. M., Fonagy, P., Twemlow, S. W., & Gamm, B. K. (2004). Negative affect in victimized children: The roles of social withdrawal, peer rejection, and attitudes toward bullying. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 159–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T., McCord, J., & Poulin, F. (1999). When intervention harm: Peer groups and problem behavior. American Psychologist, 54, 755–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., Poulin, F., & Burraston, B. (2002). Peer group dynamics associated with iatrogenic effect in group interventions with high-risk young adolescents. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 91, 79–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A. (1991). The structure and function of reactive and proactive aggression. In D. Pepler & K. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 201–218). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, R. D. (1999). Maltreatment by parents and peers: The relationship between child abuse, bully victimization, and psychological distress. Child Maltreatment, 4, 45–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82, 405–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dussich, J. P. J., & Maekoya, C. (2007). Physical child harm and bullying-related behaviors: A comparative study in Japan, South Africa, and the United States. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 51, 495–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1993). Resilience and process. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 517–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrensaft, M. K., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E., Chen, H., & Johnson, J. G. (2003). Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: A 20-year prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 741–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elias, M. J., Zins, J. E., Weissberg, K. S., Greenberg, M. T., Haynes, M., Kessler, R., et al. (1997). Promoting social and emotional learning: Guidelines for educators. Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, M. (Ed.). (1991). Bullying: A practical guide to coping for schools. Exeter: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, G. C., Cunningham, S. M., Linder, M., Colangelo, M., & Gross, M. (2005). Child physical abuse and self-perceived social isolation among adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 1663–1684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • English, D. J. (1998). The extent and consequences of child maltreatment. The Future of Children, 8, 39–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Espelage, D., & Horne, A. (2008). School violence and bullying prevention: From research based explanations to empirically based solutions. In S. Brown & R. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (4th ed., pp. 588–606). Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Espelage, D. L., & Swearer, S. M. (2003). Research on school bullying and victimization: What have we learned and where do we go from here? School Psychology Review, 32, 365–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Espelage, D. L., Bosworth, K., & Simon, T. R. (2000). Examining the social context of bullying behaviors in early adolescence. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 326–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Espelage, D. L., Bosworth, K., & Simon, T. R. (2001). Short-term stability and prospective correlates of bullying in middle-school students: An examination of potential demographic, psychosocial, and environmental influences. Violence and Victims, 16, 411–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F. I. M., & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2004). Bullying behavior and associations with psychosomatic complaints and depression in victims. The Journal of Pediatrics, 144, 17–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F. I. M., Fredriks, A. M., Vogels, T., & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2006). Do bullied children get ill, or do ill children get bullied? A prospective cohort study on the relationship between bullying and health-related symptoms. Pediatrics, 117, 1568–1574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (1999). Prospective childhood predictors of deviant peer affiliation in adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 581–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, C., & Boulton, M. (2003). Evaluating the effectiveness of a social skills training (SST) programme for victims of bullying. Educational Research, 45, 231–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, C. L., & Boulton, M. J. (2005). The social skills problems of victims of bullying: Self, peer and teacher perceptions. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 313–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, K. S., Nolen, S. B., Van Schoiack Edstrom, L., & Hirschstein, M. K. (2005). Effects of a school-based social-emotional competence program: Linking children's goals, attributions and behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 171–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garbarino, J. G. (2004). Foreword. In D. L. Espelage & S. M. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention (pp. 6–8). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gershoff, E. T., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Lansford, J. E., Chang, L., Zelli, A., Deater-Deckard, K., et al. (2010). Parent discipline practices in an international sample: Associations with child behaviors and moderation by perceived normativeness. Child Development, 81, 487–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gil, A., Gama, C. S., de Jesus, D. R., Lobato, M. I., Zimmer, M., & Belmonte-de-Abreu, P. (2009). The association of child abuse and neglect with adult disability in schizophrenia and the prominent role of physical neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 618–624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Child maltreatment 1: Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 373, 68–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, D. (2000). Child abuse and neglect and the brain: A review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 97–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goren, S. G. (1996). Child protection and the school social worker. In R. Constable, S. McDonald, & J. P. Flynn (Eds.), School social work: Practice, policy & research perspectives (pp. 355–366). Chicago: Lyceum Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grassi-Oliveira, R., & Stein, L. M. (2008). Childhood maltreatment associated with PTSD and emotional distress in low-income adults: The burden of neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 1089–1094.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grogan-Kaylor, A., & Otis, M. D. (2003). The effect of childhood maltreatment on adult criminality: A tobit regression analysis. Child Maltreatment, 8(2), 129–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han, Y., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2011). Parenting and youth mental health in South Korea using fixed effects model. Journal of Family Issues, in press.

  • Harper, F. W. K., & Arias, I. (2004). The role of shame in predicting adult anger and depressive symptoms among victims of child psychological maltreatment. Journal of Family Violence, 19, 359–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herrenkohl, E. C., Herrenkohl, R. R., & Egolf, B. (1994). Resilient early school-age children from maltreating homes: Outcomes in late adolescence. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64, 301–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herrenkohl, T. I., Huang, B., Tajima, E. A., & Whitney, S. D. (2003). Examining the link between child abuse and youth violence: An analysis of mediating mechanisms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 1189–1208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinshaw, S. P. (2007). Moderators and mediators of treatment outcome for youth with ADHD: Understanding for whom and how interventions work. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 664–675.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, W. C. (2008). Men’s self-definition of abusive childhood sexual experiences, and potentially related risky behavioral and psychiatric outcomes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 83–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, M. K., & Espelage, D. L. (2007). Perceived social support among bullies, victims, and bully–victims. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 984–994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howe, C., & Espinosa, M. P. (1985). The consequences of child abuse for the formation of relationships with peers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 9, 397–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hugh-Jones, S., & Smith, P. K. (1999). Self-reports of short- and long-term effects of bullying on children who stammer. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69, 141–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussey, J. M., Chang, J. J., & Kotch, J. B. (2006). Child maltreatment in the United States: Prevalence, risk factors, and adolescent health consequences. Pediatrics, 118, 933–942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ileana, A. (2004). The legacy of child maltreatment: Long-term health consequences for women. Journal of Women's Health, 13, 468–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnsona, R. M., Kotch, J. B., Catellier, D. J., Winsor, J. R., Duroft, V., Hunter, W., et al. (2002). Adverse behavioral and emotional outcomes from child abuse and witnessed violence. Child Maltreatment, 7, 179–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaukiainen, A., Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Tamminen, M., Vauras, M., Maki, H., et al. (2002). Learning difficulties, social intelligence, and self-concept: Connections to bully–victim problems. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 269–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, K. (2000). Emotion dysregulation as a risk factor for child psychopathology. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 418–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, L. (1992). The connections between disability and child abuse: A review of the research evidence. Child Abuse Review, 1, 157–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerns, K. A., Abraham, M. M., Schlegelmilch, A., & Morgan, T. A. (2007). Mother–child attachment in later middle childhood: Assessment approaches and associations with mood and emotion regulation. Attachment & Human Development, 9, 33–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. S., Leventhal, B. L., Koh, Y. J., Hubbard, A., & Boyce, W. T. (2006). School bullying and youth violence: Causes or consequences of psychopathologic behavior? Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1035–1041.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klomek, A. B., Marrocco, F., Kleinman, M., Schonfeld, I. S., & Gould, M. S. (2007). Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 40–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klomek, A. B., Marrocco, F., Kleinman, M., Schonfeld, I. S., & Gould, M. S. (2008). Peer victimization, depression, and suicidality in adolescents. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 38, 166–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klomek, A. B., Sourander, A., Niemela, S., Kumpulainen, K., Piha, J., Tamminen, T., et al. (2009). Childhood bullying behaviors as a risk for suicide attempts and completed suicides: A population-based birth cohort study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 254–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knutson, J. F., & Schartz, H. A. (1997). Physical abuse and neglect of children. In T. A. Widiger, A. J. Frances, H. A. Pincus, R. Ross, M. B. First, & W. Davis (Eds.), DSM-IV sources, vol. 3 (pp. 713–804). Washington: American Psychiatric Association Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knutson, J. F., DeGarmo, D. S., & Reid, J. B. (2004). Social disadvantage and neglectful parenting as precursors to the development of antisocial and aggressive child behavior: Testing a theoretical model. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 187–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leadbeater, B. J., Kupermine, G. P., Hertzog, C., & Blatt, S. J. (1999). A multivariate model of gender differences in adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1268–1282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, V., & Hoaken, P. N. S. (2007). Cognition, emotion, and neurobiological development: Mediating the relation between maltreatment and aggression. Child Maltreatment, 12, 281–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, B. R., & Thompson, R. (2009). Examining externalizing behavior trajectories of youth in group homes: Is there evidence for peer contagion? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 31–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leeb, R. T., Paulozzi, L., Melanson, C., Smith, T., & Arias, I. (2008). Child maltreatment surveillance: Uniform definition for public health and recommended data elements, version 1.0. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.

  • Lev-Wiesel, R., Daphna-Tekoah, S., & Hallak, M. (2009). Childhood sexual abuse as a predictor of birth-related posttraumatic stress and postpartum posttraumatic stress. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 877–887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1992). Maltreated children’s reports of relatedness to their teachers. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 57, 81–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsee, M. A., & Frick, P. J. (2007). Exploring the cognitive and emotional correlates to proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of detained girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 969–981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 77–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K. (2003). Understanding and treating reactive attachment disorder. A workshop presented by Medial Educational Services, Eau Claire, Wisconsin in Arlington, TX.

  • Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2001). Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 355–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohr, A. (2006). Family variables associated with peer victimization: Does family violence enhance the probability of being victimized by peers? Swiss Journal of Psychology, 65, 107–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mouttapa, M., Valente, T., Gallaher, P., Rohrbach, L. A., & Unger, J. B. (2004). Social network predictors of bullying and victimization. Adolescence, 39, 315–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohene, S.-A., Ireland, M., McNeely, C., & Borowsky, I. W. (2006). Parental expectations, physical punishment, and violence among adolescents who score positive on a psychosocial screening test in primary care. Pediatrics, 117, 441–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D. (1993). Bully/victim problems among school-children: Long-term consequences and an effective intervention program. In S. Hodgins (Ed.), Mental disorder and crime (pp. 317–349). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulin, F., Dishion, T. J., & Burraston, B. (2001). 3-year iatrogenic effects associated with aggregating high-risk adolescents in cognitive-behavioral preventive interventions. Applied Developmental Science, 5, 214–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rigby, K. (2003). Consequences of bullying in schools. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 583–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rigby, K. (2005). Why do some children bully at school? School Psychology International, 26, 147–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rigby, R., & Bagshaw, D. (2003). Prospects of adolescent students collaborating with teachers in addressing issues of bullying and conflict in schools. Educational Psychologist, 23, 535–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robers, S., Zhang, J., Truman, J., & Snyder, T. D. (2010). Indicators of school crime and safety: 2010 (NCES 2011-002/NCJ 230812). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, US Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice.

  • Rodkin, P. C., & Hodges, E. V. E. (2003). Bullies and victims in the peer ecology: Four questions for psychologists and school professionals. School Psychology Review, 32, 384–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roland, E., & Idsoe, T. (2001). Aggression and bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 27, 446–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roode, Tv, Dickson, N., Herbison, P., & Paul, C. (2009). Child sexual abuse and persistence of risky sexual behaviors and negative sexual outcomes over adulthood: Findings from a birth cohort. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 161–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Runyon, M. K., & Kenny, M. C. (2002). Relationship of attributional style, depression, and posttrauma distress among children who suffered physical or sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment, 7, 254–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J. P., Marshall, J. M., Herz, D., & Hernandez, P. M. (2008). Juvenile delinquency in child welfare: Investigating group home effects. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1088–1099.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, M. E., & Bagwell, C. L. (2007). The protective role of friendships in overtly and relationally victimized boys and girls. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53, 439–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, B. H., Attilli, G., Nadel, J., & Weissberg, R. P. (1989). Social competence in developmental perspective. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D., & Proctor, L. (2000). Community violence exposure and children’s social adjustment in the school peer group: The mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 670–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., & Cowie, J. D. (1993). The emergence of chronic peer victimization in boy’s play groups. Child Development, 64, 1755–1772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1997). The early socialization of aggressive victims of bullying. Child Development, 68, 665–675.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D., Proctor, L. J., & Chien, D. H. (2001). The aggressive victim of bullying: Emotional and behavioral dysregulation as a pathway to victimization by peers. In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 147–174). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). Reactive aggression among maltreated children: The contributions of attention and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 381–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Parental maltreatment and emotion dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle childhood. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 349–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shields, A., Ryan, R. M., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Narrative representations of caregivers and emotion dysregulation as predictors of maltreated children’s rejection by peers. Developmental Psychology, 37, 321–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sourander, A., Klomek, A. B., Niemela, S., Haavisto, A., Gyllenberg, D., Helenius, H., et al. (2009). Childhood predictors of completed and severe suicide attempts: Findings from the Finnish 1981 Birth Cohort Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 398–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Springer, K. W., Sheridan, J., Kuo, D., & Carnes, M. (2007). Long-term physical and mental health consequences of childhood physical abuse: Results from a large population-based sample of men and women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 517–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, A., Livingston, M., & Dennison, S. (2008). Transitions and turning points: Examining the links between child maltreatment and juvenile offending. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 51–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stockdale, M. S., Hangaduambo, S., Duys, D., Larson, K., & Sarvela, P. D. (2002). Rural elementary students’, parents’, and teachers’ perceptions of bullying. American Journal of Health Behavior, 26, 266–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stocker, C. M., & Youngblade, L. (1999). Marital conflict and parental hostility: Links with children’s sibling and peer relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 13, 598–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stuewig, J., & McCloskey, L. A. (2005). The relation of child maltreatment to shame and guilt among adolescents: Psychological routes to depression and delinquency. Child Maltreatment, 10, 324–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stuwig, J. (2005). The relation of child maltreatment to shame and guilt among adolescents: Psychological routes to depression and delinquency. Child Maltreatment, 10, 324–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swearer, S. M., Peugh, J., Espelage, D. L., Siebecker, A. B., Kingsbury, W. L., & Bevins, K. S. (2006). A socioecological model for bullying prevention and intervention in early adolescence: An exploratory examination. In S. R. Jimerson & M. J. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of school violence and school safety: From research to practice (pp. 257–273). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajima, E. A. (2004). Correlates of the co-occurrence of wife abuse and child abuse among a representative sample. Journal of Family Violence, 19, 399–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornberry, T. P., Ireland, T. O., & Smith, C. A. (2001). The importance of timing: The varying impact of childhood and adolescent maltreatment on multiple problem outcomes. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 957–979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toblin, R. L., Schwartz, D., Gorman, A. H., & Abou-ezzeddine, T. (2005). Social-cognitive and behavioral attributes of aggressive victims of bullying. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 329–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toth, S. L., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (1992). Child maltreatment and vulnerability to depression. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 97–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trickett, P. K., & Kuczynski, L. (1986). Children’s misbehaviors and parental discipline strategies in abusive and nonabusive families. Developmental Psychology, 22, 115–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, H. A., Finkelhor, D., & Ormrod, R. (2006). The effect of lifetime victimization on the mental health of children and adolescents. Social Science & Medicine, 62, 13–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, K. A., Hoyt, D. R., Whitbeck, L. B., & Cauce, A. M. (2003). The impact of childhood sexual abuse on later sexual victimization among runaway youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 151–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families. (2009). Child maltreatment 2007. Washington: US Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, B., Caron, A., Ball, S., Tapp, J., Johnson, M., & Weisz, J. R. (2005). Iatrogenic effects of group treatment for antisocial youths. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1036–1044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widom, C. (1989). The cycle of violence. Science, 244, 160–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, D. A., Scott, K., Wekerle, C., & Pittman, A. L. (2001). Child maltreatment: Risk of adjustment problems and dating violence in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 282–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, D. A., Wekerle, C., Scott, K., Straatman, A. L., & Grasley, C. (2004). Predicting abuse in adolescent dating relationships over 1 year: The role of child maltreatment and trauma. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 406–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, P., Maier, M. A., Winter, M., & Grossmann, K. E. (2001). Attachment and adolescents’ emotion regulation during a joint problem-solving task with a friend. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 331–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zingraff, M. T., Leiter, J., Myers, K. A., & Johnsen, M. C. (1993). Child maltreatment and youthful problem behavior. Criminology, 31, 173–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zins, J. E., Weissberg, R. P., Wang, M. C., & Walberg, H. J. (Eds.). (2004). Building school success through social and emotional learning. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Children and Family Research Center, School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 1010 West Nevada Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    Jun Sung Hong

  2. Child Development Division and Counseling, Psychology Division, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois, 220A Education, 1310 S. Sixth Street, Champaign, IL, 61820-6925, USA

    Dorothy L. Espelage

  3. School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Andrew Grogan-Kaylor

  4. University of Illinois at Chicago, Office of the Chancellor (MC 102), 601 S. Morgan Street, 2833 UH, Chicago, IL, 60607-7128, USA

    Paula Allen-Meares

Authors
  1. Jun Sung Hong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dorothy L. Espelage
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Andrew Grogan-Kaylor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Paula Allen-Meares
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jun Sung Hong.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hong, J.S., Espelage, D.L., Grogan-Kaylor, A. et al. Identifying Potential Mediators and Moderators of the Association Between Child Maltreatment and Bullying Perpetration and Victimization in School. Educ Psychol Rev 24, 167–186 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-011-9185-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-011-9185-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation