Top

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Gepubliceerd in:

12-09-2020 | Original Article

Development of the A-DISS Rejection Task to Demonstrate the Unique and Overlapping Affective Features of Social Anxiety and Depression

Auteurs: Renee M. Cloutier, Sarah A. Bilsky, Catherine Baxley, Kristen G. Anderson, Heidemarie Blumenthal

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 1/2021

Abstract

Background

Social anxiety (SA) and depression are prevalent, often comorbid disorders, associated with poor psychosocial functioning. Experimental psychopathology approaches can clarify the transdiagnostic mechanisms underlying these disorders, but most laboratory tasks are limited. We developed and validated the Audio-Dialogue Inductions of Social Stress (A-DISS) experimental task to model real-time rejection sensitivity in a realistic and developmentally relevant context. Participants are asked to imagine overhearing peers at a party talking badly about them (Rejection) or a teacher at their school (Neutral).

Methods

Study 1 focused on identifying and refining stimuli that elicited relevant emotional responses for Rejection (e.g., increased anxiety) and Neutral (e.g., no emotional changes) conditions (N = 48). Study 2 examined whether participants’ SA and depression symptoms moderated the effects of A-DISS condition (N = 52).

Results

The Rejection condition elicited higher negative affect/lower positive affect while the Neutral condition sustained stable affect. Findings were consistent across gender and race/ethnicity. Moderation analyses were statistically significant; participants with elevated SA or depression reported feeling more rejected, insecure, and anxious after Rejection than those with below average symptoms.

Conclusions

Findings provide preliminary validation of a novel peer rejection task for research on understanding the affective experience of real-time rejection overall, especially for those with elevated SA and depression. SA and depression symptoms each uniquely moderating the effects of Rejection exposure on similar affective states, suggests individuals with SA or depression may benefit from interventions targeting specific reactions to rejection/stress and transdiagnostic risk factors.

vorige artikel Manipulating Alcohol Expectancies in Social Anxiety: A Focus on Beliefs About Losing Control

volgende artikel Emotion-in-Motion: An ABM Approach that Modifies Attentional Disengagement from, Rather than Attentional Engagement with, Negative Information

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Akibar, A., Niemann, Y. F., Blumenthal, H., & Vosvick, M. (2019). Dimensions of sexuality and social anxiety in emerging adulthood. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 23(2), 244–266.CrossRef

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.

Amir, N., Beard, C., & Bower, E. (2005). Interpretation bias and social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(4), 433–443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-2834-5.CrossRef

Amtmann, D., Kim, J., Chung, H., Bamer, A. M., Askew, R. L., Wu, S., et al. (2014). Comparing CESD-10, PHQ-9, and PROMIS depression instruments in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Rehabilitation Psychology, 59(2), 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035919.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Asher, M., Asnaani, A., & Aderka, I. M. (2017). Gender differences in social anxiety disorder: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 56, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.05.004.CrossRefPubMed

Audacity Team. (2019). Audacity(R): Free Audio Editor and Recorder [Computer application]. Version 2.3.2. Retrieved May 20, 2019, from https://audacityteam.org/.

Bacon, A. K., Cranford, A. N., & Blumenthal, H. (2015). Effects of ostracism and sex on alcohol consumption in a clinical laboratory setting. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(3), 664–672. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000054.CrossRefPubMed

Bautista, C., & Hope, D. (2015). Fear of negative evaluation, social anxiety and response to positive and negative online social cues. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 39(5), 658–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9687-3.CrossRef

Bilsky, S. A., Cloutier, R. M., Bynion, T., Feldner, M. T., & Leen-Feldner, E. W. (2018). An experimental test of the impact of adolescent anxiety on parental sick role reinforcement behavior. Behavior Research and Therapy, 109, 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.07.009.CrossRef

Blackhart, G. C., Nelson, B. C., Knowles, M. L., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009). Rejection elicits emotional reactions but neither causes immediate distress nor lowers self-esteem: A meta-analytic review of 192 studies on social exclusion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 269–309. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309346065.CrossRefPubMed

Blöte, A. W., Kint, M. J. W., & Westenberg, P. M. (2007). Peer behavior toward socially anxious adolescents: Classroom observations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(11), 2773–2779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.06.011.CrossRefPubMed

Blumenthal, H., Cloutier, R. M., Douglas, M. E., Kearns, N. T., & Carey, C. N. (Under Review). Desire to drink as a function of laboratory-induced social stress among adolescents.

Bruce, S. E., Yonkers, K. A., Otto, M. W., Eisen, J. L., Weisberg, R. B., Pagano, M., et al. (2005). Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: A 12-year prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), 1179–1187. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1179.CrossRef

Buckner, J. D., Silgado, J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2011). Marijuana craving during a public speaking challenge: Understanding marijuana use vulnerability among women and those with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.07.005.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cloutier, R. M., Blumenthal, H., Trim, R. S., Douglas, M. E., & Anderson, K. G. (2019). Real-time social stress response and subsequent alcohol use initiation among female adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 3(33), 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000454.CrossRef

Cloutier, R. M., Dunham, K. J., Cochrane, B., & Blumenthal, H. (In Press). Beyond the binary: A ‘real world’ example to inform identity-affirming laboratory methods with substance using youth.

Cole, D. A., Martin, N. C., Sterba, S. K., Sinclair-McBride, K., Roeder, K. M., Zelkowitz, R., et al. (2014). Peer victimization (and harsh parenting) as developmental correlates of cognitive reactivity, a diathesis for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(2), 336–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036489.supp.CrossRefPubMed

Cole, D. A., Zelkowitz, R. L., Nick, E. A., Lubarsky, S. R., & Rights, J. D. (2019). Simultaneously examining negative appraisals, emotion reactivity, and cognitive reactivity in relation to depressive symptoms in children. Development and Psychopathology, 31(4), 1527–1540. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418001207.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Conway, C. C., Starr, L. R., Espejo, E. P., Brennan, P. A., & Hammen, C. (2016). Stress responsivity and the structure of common mental disorders: Transdiagnostic internalizing and externalizing dimensions are associated with contrasting stress appraisal biases. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(8), 1079. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000163.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Coyne, J. C. (1976). Depression and the response of others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843X.85.2.186.CrossRefPubMed

Cuthbert, B. N., & Kozak, M. J. (2013). Constructing constructs for psychopathology: The NIMH research domain criteria. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 928–937. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034028.CrossRefPubMed

Davison, G. C., Feldman, P. M., & Osborn, C. E. (1984). Articulated thoughts, irrational beliefs, and fear of negative evaluation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8(4), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173310.CrossRef

Davison, G. C., Vogel, R. S., & Coffman, S. G. (1997). The articulated thoughts in simulated situations paradigm: A think-aloud approach to cognitive assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(6), 950–958. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770963.CrossRefPubMed

Davison, G. C., & Zighelboim, V. (1987). Irrational beliefs in the articulated thoughts of college students with social anxiety. Journal of Rational Emotive Therapy, 5(4), 238–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01073815.CrossRef

Epkins, C. C., & Heckler, D. R. (2011). Integrating etiological models of social anxiety and depression in youth: Evidence for a cumulative interpersonal risk model. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(4), 329–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0101-8.CrossRefPubMed

Erath, S. A., Flanagan, K. S., & Bierman, K. L. (2007). Social anxiety and peer relations in early adolescence: Behavioral and cognitive factors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(3), 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9099-2.CrossRefPubMed

Eysenck, M. W., & Fajkowska, M. (2017). Anxiety and depression: Toward overlapping and distinctive features. Cognition and Emotion, 37(7), 1391–1400. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1330255.CrossRef

Funkhouser, C. J., Auerbach, R. P., Kujawa, A., Morelli, S. A., Phan, K. L., & Shankman, S. A. (2018). Social feedback valence differentially modulates the reward positivity, P300, and late positive potential. Journal of Psychophysiology. https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000253.CrossRef

Garber, J., & Weersing, V. R. (2010). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in youth: Implications for treatment and prevention. Clinical Psychology: A Publication of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association, 17(4), 293–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01221.x.CrossRef

Gazelle, H., & Ladd, G. W. (2003). Anxious solitude and peer exclusion: A diathesis–stress model of internalizing trajectories in childhood. Child Development, 74(1), 257–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00534.CrossRefPubMed

Genuchi, M. (2015). Anger and hostility as primary externalizing features of depression in college men. International Journal of Men's Health, 14(2), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.3149/jmh.1402.113.CrossRef

Gerrard M., Stock M. L., Roberts M. E., Gibbons F. X., O’Hara R. E., Weng C. Y., & Wills T. A. (2012). Coping with racial discrimination: The role of substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(3), 550–560. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027711.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gotlib, I. H., Traill, S. K., Montoya, R. L., Joormann, J., & Chang, K. (2005). Attention and memory biases in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: Indications from a pilot study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(1), 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00333.x.CrossRefPubMed

Hammen, C. (2006). Stress generation in depression: Reflections on origins, research, and future directions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1065–1082. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20293.CrossRefPubMed

Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2010). Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(3), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.001.CrossRefPubMed

Jobst, A., Sabass, L., Palagyi, A., Bauriedl-Schmidt, C., Mauer, M. C., Sarubin, N., et al. (2015). Effects of social exclusion on emotions and oxytocin and cortisol levels in patients with chronic depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 60, 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.11.001.CrossRefPubMed

Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005a). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.CrossRef

Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005b). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kessler, R. C., & Wang, P. S. (2008). The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States. Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090847.CrossRefPubMed

Klemanski, D. H., Curtiss, J., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2017). Emotion regulation and the transdiagnostic role of repetitive negative thinking in adolescents with social anxiety and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(2), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9817-6.CrossRefPubMed

Kraines, M. A., White, E. J., Grant, D. M., & Wells, T. T. (2019). Social anxiety as a precursor for depression: Influence of interpersonal rejection and attention to emotional stimuli. Psychiatry Research, 275, 296–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.04.001.CrossRefPubMed

Kujawa, A., Arfer, K. B., Klein, D. N., & Proudfit, G. H. (2014). Electrocortical reactivity to social feedback in youth: A pilot study of the Island Getaway task. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 140–147.CrossRef

Kupferberg, A., Bicks, L., & Hasler, G. (2016). Social functioning in major depressive disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 69, 313–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.002.CrossRef

Lackner, R. J., & Fresco, D. M. (2016). Interaction effect of brooding rumination and interoceptive awareness on depression and anxiety symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 85, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.007.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lakin, J. L., Chartrand, T. L., & Arkin, R. M. (2008). I am too just like you: Nonconscious mimicry as an automatic behavioral response to social exclusion. Psychological Science, 19(8), 816–822. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02162.x.CrossRefPubMed

Levinson, C. A., Langer, J. K., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2013). Reactivity to exclusion prospectively predicts social anxiety symptoms in young adults. Behavior Therapy, 44(3), 470–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2013.04.007.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., Roberts, R. E., & Allen, N. B. (1997). Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) as a screening instrument for depression among community-residing older adults. Psychology and Aging, 12(2), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.12.2.277.CrossRefPubMed

Lindner, P., Martell, C., Bergström, J., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2013). Clinical validation of a non-heteronormative version of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 1.CrossRef

Litt, D. M., & Stock, M. L. (2011). Adolescent alcohol-related risk cognitions: The roles of social norms and social networking sites. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25, 708–713. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024226.CrossRefPubMed

Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(4), 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6.CrossRefPubMed

McKnight, P. E., Monfort, S. S., Kashdan, T. B., Blalock, D. V., & Calton, J. M. (2016). Anxiety symptoms and functional impairment: A systematic review of the correlation between the two measures. Clinical Psychology Review, 45, 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.005.CrossRefPubMed

McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). Interpersonal stress generation as a mechanism linking rumination to internalizing symptoms in early adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41(5), 584–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.704840.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 173–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00142.CrossRef

Platt, B., Kadosh, K. C., & Lau, J. Y. (2013). The role of peer rejection in adolescent depression. Depression and Anxiety, 30(9), 809–821. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22120.CrossRefPubMed

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CESD scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.CrossRef

Rapee, R. M., & Spence, S. H. (2004). The etiology of social phobia: Empirical evidence and an initial model. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 737–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.004.CrossRefPubMed

Roberts, K. E., Hart, T. A., & Eastwood, J. D. (2010). Attentional biases to social and health threat words in individuals with and without high social anxiety or depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(4), 388–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9245-y.CrossRef

Scheveneels, S., Boddez, Y., Vervliet, B., & Hermans, D. (2016). The validity of laboratory-based treatment research: Bridging the gap between fear extinction and exposure treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 87–94.CrossRef

Sheeber, L. B., Allen, N. B., Leve, C., Davis, B., Shortt, J. W., & Katz, L. F. (2009). Dynamics of affective experience and behavior in depressed adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 50(11), 1419–1427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02148.x.CrossRef

Seidl, E., Padberg, F., Bauriedl-Schmidt, C., Albert, A., Daltrozzo, T., Hall, J., et al. (2020). Response to ostracism in patients with chronic depression, episodic depression and borderline personality disorder: A study using Cyberball. Journal of Affective Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.021.CrossRefPubMed

Slavich, G. M., O’Donovan, A., Epel, E. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2010). Black sheep get the blues: A psychobiological model of social rejection and depression. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.003.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Spence, S. H., & Rapee, R. M. (2016). The etiology of social anxiety disorder: An evidence-based model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 50–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.007.CrossRefPubMed

Stanton, K., McDonnell, C. G., Hayden, E. P., & Watson, D. (2020). Transdiagnostic approaches to psychopathology measurement: Recommendations for measure selection, data analysis, and participant recruitment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 129(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000464.CrossRefPubMed

Starr, L. R., & Davila, J. (2008). Excessive reassurance seeking, depression, and interpersonal rejection: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(4), 762–775. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013866.CrossRefPubMed

Stroud, L. R., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Wilfley, D. E., & Salovey, P. (2000). The Yale Interpersonal Stressor (YIPS): Affective, physiological, and behavioral responses to a novel interpersonal rejection paradigm. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22(3), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02895115.CrossRefPubMed

Thomas, D. L., & Diener, E. (1990). Memory accuracy in the recall of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(2), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.59.2.291.CrossRef

Teunissen, H. A., Spijkerman, R., Prinstein, M. J., Cohen, G. L., Engels, R. C., & Scholte, R. H. (2012). Adolescents’ conformity to their peers’ pro-alcohol and anti-alcohol norms: The power of popularity. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 36(7), 1257–1267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01728.x.CrossRef

Tran, C. V., Cole, D. A., & Weiss, B. (2012). Testing reciprocal longitudinal relations between peer victimization and depressive symptoms in young adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41(3), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.662674.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Vargas, S. M., Huey, S. J., & Miranda, J. (2020). A critical review of current evidence on multiple types of discrimination and mental health. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(3), 374–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000441.CrossRef

Venturini, E., Riva, P., Serpetti, F., Romero, L., Pallavincini, F., Mantovani, F., et al. (2016). A comparison of 3D versus 2D virtual environments on the feelings of social exclusion, inclusion and over-inclusion. Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine, 14, 89–94.

Waters, A. M., LeBeau, R. T., & Craske, M. G. (2017). Experimental psychopathology and clinical psychology: An integrative model to guide clinical science and practice. Psychopathology Review, 4(2), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.5127/pr.038015.CrossRef

Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K., & Choi, W. (2000). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 748–762. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.5.748.CrossRefPubMed

Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review ofPpsychology, 58, 425–452. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641.CrossRef

Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Zadro, L., Boland, C., & Richardson, R. (2006). How long does it last? The persistence of the effects of ostracism in the socially anxious. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(5), 692–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.10.007.CrossRef

Zvolensky, M. J., Lejuez, C. W., Stuart, G. L., & Curtin, J. J. (2001). Experimental psychopathology in psychological science. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 371–381. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.371.CrossRef

Titel: Development of the A-DISS Rejection Task to Demonstrate the Unique and Overlapping Affective Features of Social Anxiety and Depression
Auteurs: Renee M. Cloutier
Sarah A. Bilsky
Catherine Baxley
Kristen G. Anderson
Heidemarie Blumenthal
Publicatiedatum: 12-09-2020
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 1/2021
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10152-x

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2021

Brief Training to Modify the Breadth of Attention Influences the Generalisation of Fear

Change in Attentional Control Predicts Change in Attentional Bias to Negative Information in Response to Elevated State Anxiety

Emotion-Regulation in Psychosis: Patients with Psychotic Disorders Apply Reappraisal Successfully

Does Self-Efficacy Predict Functioning in Older Adults with Schizophrenia? A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Mediation Analysis

Residual Anxiety in Patients with Bipolar Disorder in Full or Partial Remission: Metacognitive Beliefs and Neurocognitive Function

Frontal tDCS and Emotional Reactivity to Negative Content: Examining the Roles of Biased Interpretation and Emotion Regulation