Top

Gepubliceerd in:

28-02-2017 | Original Article

Emotional Intensity and Emotion Regulation in Response to Autobiographical Memories During Dysphoria

Auteurs: Adriana del Palacio-Gonzalez, Dorthe Berntsen, Lynn A. Watson

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 4/2017

Abstract

Retrieving personal memories may provoke different emotions and a need for emotion regulation. Emotional responses have been studied scarcely in relation to autobiographical memory retrieval. We examined the emotional response to everyday involuntary (spontaneously arising) and voluntary (strategically retrieved) memories, and how this response may be different during dysphoria. Participants (20 dysphoric and 23 non-depressed) completed a structured diary where the intensity of basic emotions and regulation strategies employed upon retrieval of memories were rated. Brooding, memory suppression, and emotional suppression were higher for all individuals’ involuntary memories than voluntary memories. Negative emotions and regulation strategies were greater for dysphoric individuals for both involuntary and voluntary memories after controlling for the valence of the remembered events. The results provide new insights into the understudied topic of emotional responses to everyday memories and suggest a novel interpretation of the intrusive nature of memories in psychological disorders, such as depression.

vorige artikel Change in Explanatory Flexibility and Explanatory Style in Cognitive Therapy and its Components

volgende artikel The Hopelessness Theory of Depression: Clinical Utility and Generalizability

Supplementary analyses were conducted with the original sample of all diary completers (n = 24 non-depressed, and n = 28 dysphoric individuals, N = 52). The pattern of results for the emotional regulation strategies was exactly the same as that presented on Table 2 (but with the expected variations in effect size and significance level). There were significant differences for brooding, emotional suppression, and memory suppression for both Retrieval mode (ps < 0.004; with involuntary memories associated with higher ratings) and Group (ps < 0.005; with dysphoric individuals reporting higher ratings). Reflection remained as a trend. The pattern for emotional intensity was the same for Group differences (dysphoria was associated with greater fear, sadness, and anger, ps < 0.002) and no differences were identified for happiness. The Retrieval effect pattern was slightly different. There were trends for greater fear (p = .05), sadness (p = .03), and happiness (p = .04), for involuntary memories, and no differences for anger (p = .13). Overall, these results support our final conclusions. There were higher ratings for brooding, memory suppression, and emotional suppression for involuntary memories and dysphoric individuals, higher ratings for negative emotions in dysphoria for both retrieval modes, and trends for greater intensity of various emotions in association with involuntary memories.

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217–237.CrossRefPubMed

Barlow, D. H., Allen, L. B., & Choate, M. L. (2004). Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders. Behavior Therapy, 35, 205–230.CrossRef

Beck, A.T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.

Berking, M., Wirtz, C. M., Svaldi, J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2014). Emotion regulation predicts symptoms of depression over five years. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 57, 13–20.CrossRefPubMed

Berntsen, D. (1996). Involuntary autobiographical memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 435–454.CrossRef

Berntsen, D. (1998). Voluntary and involuntary access to autobiographical memory. Memory, 6, 113–141.

Berntsen, D. (2001). Involuntary memories of emotional events: Do memories of traumas and extremely happy events differ? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, S135–S158.CrossRef

Berntsen, D. (2009). Involuntary autobiographical memories: An introduction to the unbidden past. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Berntsen, D. (2010). The unbidden past: Involuntary autobiographical memories as a basic mode of remembering. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 138–142.CrossRef

Berntsen, D. (2015). From everyday life to trauma: Research on everyday involuntary memories advances our understanding of intrusive memories of trauma. Clinical perspectives on autobiographical memory (pp. 172–196). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Berntsen, D., & Hall, N. M. (2004). The episodic nature of involuntary autobiographical memories. Memory & Cognition, 32, 789–803.CrossRef

Berntsen, D., & Jacobsen, A. S. (2008). Involuntary (spontaneous) mental time travel into the past and future. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 17, 1093–1104.CrossRef

Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2006). The centrality of event scale: A measure of integrating a trauma into one’s identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 219–231.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Berntsen, D., Rubin, D. C., & Salgado, S. (2015). The frequency of involuntary autobiographical memories and future thoughts in relation to daydreaming, emotional distress, and age. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 36, 352–372.CrossRef

Berntsen, D., & Watson, L. (2014). Involuntary autobiographical memories in daily life and in clinical disorders. In T. Perfect & D. Lindsay (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of applied memory (pp. 501–520). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.CrossRef

Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498.CrossRefPubMed

Brummer, L., Stopa, L., & Bucks, R. (2014). The influence of age on emotion regulation strategies and psychological distress. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42, 668–681.CrossRefPubMed

Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006). Acceptability and suppression of negative emotion in anxiety and mood disorders. Emotion, 6, 587–595.CrossRefPubMed

Christensen, S., Zachariae, R., Jensen, A. B., Væth, M., Møller, S., Ravnsbæk, J., & von der Maase, H. (2009). Prevalence and risk of depressive symptoms 3–4 months post-surgery in a nationwide cohort study of Danish women treated for early stage breast-cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 113, 339–355.CrossRefPubMed

Crovitz, H. F., & Schiffman, H. (1974). Frequency of episodic memories as a function of their age. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 4, 517–518.CrossRef

De Lissnyder, E., Koster, E. H. W., Derakshan, N., & De Raedt, R. (2010). The association between depressive symptoms and executive control impairments in response to emotional and non-emotional information. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 264–280.CrossRef

Del Palacio-Gonzalez, A. & Berntsen, D. (2017). Brooding over Events Central to Identity Predicts Concurrent and Prospective Depressive Symptoms. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Ehring, T., Fischer, S., Schnülle, J., Bösterling, A., & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2008). Characteristics of emotion regulation in recovered depressed versus never depressed individuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1574–1584.CrossRef

Ekman, P. (1992). Are there basic emotions? Psychological Review, 99, 550–553.CrossRefPubMed

Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1980). Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review, 87, 215–251.CrossRef

Finnbogadottir, H., & Berntsen, D. (2011). Involuntary and voluntary mental time travel in high and low worriers. Memory, 19, 625–640.CrossRefPubMed

Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224–237.CrossRefPubMed

Gross, J. J., & Barrett, L. F. (2011). Emotion generation and emotion regulation: One or two depends on your point of view. Emotion Review, 3, 8–16.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362.CrossRefPubMed

Harris, C. B., Rasmussen, A. S., & Berntsen, D. (2014). The functions of autobiographical memory: An integrative approach. Memory, 22, 559–581.CrossRefPubMed

Hesse, M. (2006). The Beck Depression Inventory in patients undergoing opiate agonist maintenance treatment. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 417–426.CrossRefPubMed

Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A., & Asnaani, A. (2012). Emotion dysregulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 409–416.CrossRefPubMed

Huprich, S. K., & Roberts, C. R. D. (2012). The two-week and five-week dependability and stability of the depressive personality disorder inventory and its association with current depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94, 205–209.CrossRefPubMed

St. Jacques, P, L., Conway, M, A., &amp, Cabeza, R (2011). Gender differences in autobiographical memory for everyday events: Retrieval elicited by SenseCam images versus verbal cues. Memory, 19, 723–732.CrossRef

Johannessen, K. B., & Berntsen, D. (2010). Current Concerns in involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memories. Consciousness and Cognition, 19, 847–860.CrossRefPubMed

Joormann, J., & D’Avanzato, C. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression: Examining the role of cognitive processes. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 913–939.CrossRef

Karreman, A., van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., & Bekker, M. H. J. (2013). Intensity of positive and negative emotions: Explaining the association between personality and depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 214–220.CrossRef

Kvavilashvili, L., & Schlagman, S. (2011). Involuntary autobiographical memories in dysphoric mood: A laboratory study. Memory, 19, 331–345.CrossRefPubMed

Labouvie-Vief, G., Lumley, M. A., Jain, E., & Heinze, H. (2003). Age and gender differences in cardiac reactivity and subjective emotion responses to emotional autobiographical memories. Emotion, 3, 115–126.CrossRefPubMed

Mace, J. H. (2004). Involuntary autobiographical memories are highly dependent on abstract cuing: The proustian view is incorrect. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, 893–899.CrossRef

MacLeod, C., & Bucks, R. S. (2011). Emotion regulation and the cognitive-experimental approach to emotional dysfunction. Emotion Review, 3, 62–73.CrossRef

Mennin, D. S., Holaway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy, 38, 284–302.CrossRefPubMed

Newby, J. M., & Moulds, M. L. (2010). Negative intrusive memories in depression: The role of maladaptive appraisals and safety behaviours. Journal of Affective Disorders, 126, 147–154.CrossRefPubMed

Newby, J. M., & Moulds, M. L. (2012). A comparison of the content, themes, and features of intrusive memories and rumination in major depressive disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 197–205.CrossRefPubMed

Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231–259.CrossRef

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115–121.CrossRefPubMed

Perneger, T. V. (1998). What’s wrong with Bonferroni adjustments. British Medical Journal, 316, 1236–1238.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Philippe, F. L., Koestner, R., Lecours, S., Beaulieu-Pelletier, G., & Bois, K. (2011). The role of autobiographical memory networks in the experience of negative emotions: How our remembered past elicits our current feelings. Emotion, 11, 1279–1290.CrossRefPubMed

Plimpton, B., Patel, P., & Kvavilashvili, L. (2015). Role of triggers and dysphoria in mind-wandering about past, present and future: A laboratory study. Consciousness and Cognition, 33, 261–276.CrossRefPubMed

Rasmussen, A. S., & Berntsen, D. (2010). Personality traits and autobiographical memory: Openness is positively related to the experience and usage of recollections. Memory, 18, 774–786.CrossRefPubMed

Rasmussen, A. S., & Berntsen, D. (2011). The unpredictable past: Spontaneous autobiographical memories outnumber memories retrieved strategically. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 1842–1846.CrossRefPubMed

Rasmussen, A. S., Johannessen, K. B., & Berntsen, D. (2014). Ways of sampling voluntary and involuntary autobiographical memories in daily life. Consciousness and Cognition, 30, 156–168.CrossRefPubMed

Reynolds, M., & Brewin, C. R. (1998). Intrusive cognitions, coping strategies and emotional responses in depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and a non-clinical population. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 135–147.CrossRefPubMed

Rottenberg, J., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Emotion and emotion regulation: A map for psychotherapy researchers. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 323–328.

Rottenberg, J., Joormann, J., Brozovich, F., & Gotlib, I. H. (2005). Emotional intensity of idiographic sad memories in depression predicts symptom levels 1 year later. Emotion, 5, 238–242.CrossRefPubMed

Rubin, D. C., Boals, A., & Berntsen, D. (2008). Memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: Properties of voluntary and involuntary, traumatic and nontraumatic autobiographical memories in people with and without posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 591–614.CrossRef

Rubin, D. C., Dennis, M. F., & Beckham, J. C. (2011). Autobiographical memory for stressful events: The role of autobiographical memory in posttraumatic stress disorder. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 840–856.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schlagman, S., Kliegel, M., Schulz, J., & Kvavilashvili, L. (2009). Differential effects of age on involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memory. Psychology and Aging, 24, 397–411.CrossRefPubMed

Schlagman, S., & Kvavilashvili, L. (2008). Involuntary autobiographical memories in and outside the laboratory: How different are they from voluntary autobiographical memories? Memory & Cognition, 36, 920–932.CrossRef

Sprinkle, S. D., Lurie, D., Insko, S. L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G. L., Logan, A. R., & Bissada, N. N. (2002). Criterion validity, severity cut scores, and test-retest reliability of the beck depression inventory-II in a university counseling center sample. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 381–385.CrossRef

Walker, W. R., Skowronski, J. J., Gibbons, J. A., Vogl, R. J., & Thompson, C. P. (2003). On the emotions that accompany autobiographical memories: Dysphoria disrupts the fading affect bias. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 703–723.CrossRef

Watson, L. A., Berntsen, D., Kuyken, W., & Watkins, E. R. (2012). The characteristics of involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memories in depressed and never depressed individuals. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 21, 1382–1392.CrossRef

Watson, L. A., Berntsen, D., Kuyken, W., & Watkins, E. R. (2013). Involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memory specificity as a function of depression. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 7–13.CrossRefPubMed

Wegner, D. M., & Zanakos, S. (1994). Chronic thought suppression. Journal of Personality, 62, 615–640.CrossRef

Whitmer, A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2011). Brooding and reflection reconsidered: A factor analytic examination of rumination in currently depressed, formerly depressed, and never depressed individuals. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 99–107.CrossRef

Williams, A. D., & Moulds, M. L. (2007). An investigation of the cognitive and experiential features of intrusive memories in depression. Memory, 15, 912–920.CrossRefPubMed

Zimmermann, P., & Iwanski, A. (2014). Emotion regulation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood and middle adulthood: Age differences, gender differences, and emotion-specific developmental variations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38, 182–194.CrossRef

Titel: Emotional Intensity and Emotion Regulation in Response to Autobiographical Memories During Dysphoria
Auteurs: Adriana del Palacio-Gonzalez
Dorthe Berntsen
Lynn A. Watson
Publicatiedatum: 28-02-2017
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 4/2017
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-017-9841-1

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2017

A Prospective Investigation of the Impact of Distinct Posttraumatic (PTSD) Symptom Clusters on Suicidal Ideation

Decision Justification Theory in Depression: Regret and Self-Blame

Erratum to: When Will Bulimics Be Depressed and When Not? The Moderating Role of Attributional Style

The Effects of Anger Rumination and Cognitive Reappraisal on Anger-In and Anger-Control

Online Dissemination of the Cognitive Anxiety Sensitivity Treatment (CAST) Using Craigslist: A Pilot Study

Change in Explanatory Flexibility and Explanatory Style in Cognitive Therapy and its Components