Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-12-2009 | Original Article

Overprotective Parenting, Social Anxiety, and External Locus of Control: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Relationships

Auteurs: Megan Spokas, Richard G. Heimberg

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 6/2009

Abstract

A relationship between social anxiety and a parenting style marked by overprotection and low warmth has been repeatedly demonstrated (e.g., Bruch et al. in Anxiety Reaserch 2:57–65, 1989; Lieb et al. in Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:859–866, 2000). The current study supports the findings in the broader literature of a significant relationship between social anxiety and recollections of overprotective and cold parenting among college students. External locus of control partially mediated the relationship between overprotective parenting and social anxiety. However, these analyses used cross-sectional data, and an alternate mediational model was also significant, highlighting the various ways in which these factors interact. Finally, recollections of maternal overprotection predicted an increase in social anxiety during the first semester of college, suggesting their influence on current functioning.

volgende artikel Tendencies Toward Mania and Tendencies Toward Depression Have Distinct Motivational, Affective, and Cognitive Correlates

Planned analyses also included the examination of negative interpretation bias as a potential mediator of the relationship between overprotective parenting and social anxiety. However, problems with the completion of the interpretation bias measure resulted in a large amount of missing data (35.2%) and precluded our ability to complete these analyses.

Only a subsample of respondents who provided both reports of maternal and paternal overprotection is included (n = 748) in the mediator analyses examining the composite of “parental overprotection.” However, analyses were also conducted examining maternal and paternal overprotection separately, and these findings were identical to the overall findings presented.

Because the analyses conducted separately for maternal and paternal overprotection produced different results, the analysis including the overall “parental overprotection” variable is not presented, although it did produce a significant change in R ².

Arrindell, W. A., Hanewald, G. J., & Kolk, A. M. (1989). Cross-national constancy of dimensions of parental rearing style: The Dutch version of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 949–956. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90059-7.CrossRef

Ballash, N. G., Pemble, M. K., Usui, W. M., Buckley, A. F., & Woodruff-Borden, J. (2006). Family functioning, perceived control, and anxiety: A mediational model. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 486–497. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.05.002.CrossRefPubMed

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.CrossRefPubMed

Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. (1990). Direct and indirect effects: Classical and bootstrapping estimates of variability. Sociological Methodology, 20, 115–140. doi:10.2307/271084.CrossRef

Brewin, C. R., Firth-Cozens, J., Furnham, A., & McManus, C. (1992). Self-criticism in adulthood and recalled childhood experience. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 561–566. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.101.3.561.CrossRefPubMed

Bruch, M. A., Heimberg, R. G., Berger, P., & Collins, T. M. (1989). Social phobia and recollections of early parental and personal characteristics. Anxiety Research, 2, 57–65.

Carton, J. S., & Nowicki, J. (1994). Antecedents of individual differences in locus of control reinforcement: A critical review. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 120, 31–81.

Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 3–21. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.3.CrossRefPubMed

Chorpita, B. F., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Perceived control as a mediator of family environment in etiological models of childhood anxiety. Behavior Therapy, 29, 457–476. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(98)80043-9.CrossRef

Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 597–600.CrossRef

Cloitre, M., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., & Gitow, A. (1992). Recollections of control in panic disorder and social phobia. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 569–577. doi:10.1007/BF01175142.CrossRef

Darcy, K., Davila, J., & Beck, J. G. (2005). Is social anxiety associated with both interpersonal avoidance and interpersonal dependence? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 171–186. doi:10.1007/s10608-005-3163-4.CrossRef

Davila, J., & Beck, J. G. (2002). Is social anxiety associated with impairment in close relationships? A preliminary investigation. Behavior Therapy, 33, 427–446. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(02)80037-5.CrossRef

Durbin, D. L., Darling, N., Steinberg, L., & Brown, B. B. (1993). Parenting style and peer group membership among European-American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 3, 87–100. doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0301_5.CrossRef

Gordon, D. A., Nowicki, S., & Wichern, F. (1981). Observed maternal and child behaviors in a dependency-producing task as a function of children’s locus of control orientation. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 27, 43–51.

Greco, L. A., & Morris, T. L. (2002). Paternal child-rearing style and child social anxiety: Investigation of child recollections and actual father behavior. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24, 259–267. doi:10.1023/A:1020779000183.CrossRef

Heimberg, R. G., Mueller, G. P., Holt, C. S., Hope, D. A., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1992). Assessment of anxiety in social interaction and being observed by others: The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale. Behavior Therapy, 23, 53–73. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80308-9.CrossRef

Iancu, I., Levin, J., Hermesh, H., Dannon, P., Poreh, A., Ben-Yehuda, Y., et al. (2006). Social phobia symptoms: Prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and overlap with specific phobia symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 399–405. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.008.CrossRefPubMed

Ingram, R. E., & Ritter, J. (2000). Vulnerability to depression: Cognitive reactivity and parental bonding in high-risk individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 588–596. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.109.4.588.CrossRefPubMed

Levenson, H. (1973). Multidimensional locus of control in psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41, 397–404. doi:10.1037/h0035357.CrossRefPubMed

Levenson, H. (1981). Differentiating among internality, powerful others, and chance. In H. M. Lefcourt (Ed.), Research with the locus of control construct: Vol. 1, Assessment methods (pp. 15–63). New York: Academic Press.

Lieb, R., Wittchen, H. U., Hofler, M., Fuetsch, M., Stein, M. B., & Merikangas, K. R. (2000). Parental psychopathology, parenting styles, and the risk of social phobia in offspring. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 859–866. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.859.CrossRefPubMed

Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455–470. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6.CrossRefPubMed

McLeod, B. D., Weisz, J. R., & Wood, J. J. (2007a). Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 986–1003. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.03.001.CrossRefPubMed

McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007b). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 155–172. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.002.CrossRefPubMed

Muris, P., Meesters, C., Schouten, E., & Hoge, E. (2004). Effects of perceived control on the relationship between perceived parental rearing behaviors and symptoms of anxiety and depression in non-clinical pre-adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 51–58. doi:10.1023/A:1027334314021.CrossRef

Osman, A., Gutierrez, P. M., Barrios, F. X., Kopper, B. A., & Chiros, C. E. (1998). The Social Phobia and Social Interaction Anxiety Scales: Evaluation of psychometric properties. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 249–264. doi:10.1023/A:1023067302227.CrossRef

Parker, G. (1981). Parental reports of depressives: An investigation of several explanations. Journal of Affective Disorders, 3, 131–140. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(81)90038-0.CrossRefPubMed

Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1–11.

Perris, C., Jacobssson, L., Lindstrom, H., von Knorring, L., & Perris, H. (1980). Development of a new inventory for assessing memories of parental rearing behaviour. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 61, 265–274. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb00581.x.CrossRefPubMed

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717–731.

Rapee, R. M. (1997). Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 47–67. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(96)00040-2.CrossRefPubMed

Ross, M. W., Campbell, R. L., & Clayer, J. R. (1982). New inventory for measurement of parental rearing practices: An English form of the EMBU. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 66, 499–507. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1982.tb04508.x.CrossRefPubMed

Rotter, J. B. (1990). Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A case history of the variable. The American Psychologist, 45, 489–493. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.4.489.CrossRef

Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422–445. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422.CrossRefPubMed

Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290–312). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Taylor, C. T., & Alden, L. E. (2006). Parental overprotection and interpersonal behavior in generalized social phobia. Behavior Therapy, 37, 14–24. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2005.03.001.CrossRefPubMed

Walkey, F. H. (1979). Internal control, powerful others, and chance: A confirmation of Levenson’s factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 43, 532–535. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4305_17.CrossRefPubMed

Whisman, M. A., & Kwon, P. (1992). Parental representations, cognitive distortions, and mild depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 557–568. doi:10.1007/BF01175141.CrossRef

Wood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Sigman, M., Wei-Chin, H., & Chu, B. C. (2003). Parenting and childhood anxiety: Theory, empirical findings, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 44, 134–151. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00106.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Overprotective Parenting, Social Anxiety, and External Locus of Control: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Relationships
Auteurs: Megan Spokas
Richard G. Heimberg
Publicatiedatum: 01-12-2009
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 6/2009
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-008-9227-5

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2009

Positive Social Alcohol Outcome Expectancies, Social Anxiety, and Hazardous Drinking in College Students

Early Maladaptive Schemas and Adaptive/Maladaptive Styles of Humor

Cognitive Processes in Cognitive and Pharmacological Therapies

Errata

Tendencies Toward Mania and Tendencies Toward Depression Have Distinct Motivational, Affective, and Cognitive Correlates

The Role of Mindful Attention in Regard to the Relation Between Negative Affect Reduction Outcome Expectancies and Emotional Vulnerability Among Adult Cigarette Smokers