Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-08-2006 | Original Article

Shame Reactions to Everyday Dilemmas are Associated with Depressive Disorder

Auteurs: Renee J. Thompson, Howard Berenbaum

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 4/2006

Abstract

This study examined whether emotional reactions to everyday dilemmas are associated with depressive disorders in a sample of 195 undergraduates. Depressive disorder was assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Compared to controls, individuals in current depressive episodes, as well as individuals with a past history of depressive disorder who were in remission, reported more shame in response to both hypothetical interpersonal and real life everyday dilemmas. In contrast, guilt was not significantly associated with depressive disorder. These results raise the possibility that everyday dilemmas and shame responses may play important roles in depressive disorders.

volgende artikel Neediness and Interpersonal Life Stress: Does Congruency Predict Depression?

In contrast, hassles are the frustrating demands that are characteristic of everyday transactions, such as traffic jams and losing a set of keys (Kanner et al., 1981).

Some researchers have argued that guilt is also maladaptive. However, as pointed out by Tangney (1993), such conclusions may be the result of many measures of guilt (e.g., Mosher, 1966) being confounded with shame.

Participants also responded to three interpersonal–achievement dilemmas. Since the results of analyses examining these three dilemmas fell between the results of analyses examining interpersonal–interpersonal and achievement–achievement dilemmas, they are not discussed further in this paper.

Copies of the scenarios are available upon request.

The finding that the depressive and control groups differed in their shame responses even after excluding individuals in current depressive episodes was not significantly altered when sex was controlled in the analyses.

When a participant did not write about a specific type (e.g., achievement–achievement) of real life dilemma, they were not included in that analysis. In other words, not every individual was included in these two additional analyses because not every individual provided an example of an achievement–achievement or interpersonal–interpersonal real life dilemma. On the other hand, when a participant wrote about two of the same kind of specific type of real life dilemma, their shame responses to those two dilemmas were averaged. Thus, different subsets of individuals were included in the analyses examining the hypothetical dilemmas and the analyses examining specific types of real life dilemmas.

When the preceding two logistic regression analyses were conducted after excluding the word “ashamed” from computation of the PANAS NA score, the betas were similar (β = .40, P < .05, and β = .25, P = .15, respectively).

Andrews, B. (1995). Bodily shame as a mediator between abusive experiences and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 277–285.PubMedCrossRef

Andrews, B. (1998). Methodological and definitional issues in shame research. In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (Eds.), Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture (pp. 39–54). New York: Oxford Press.

Andrews, B., Qian, M., & Valentine, J. (2002). Predicting depressive symptoms with a new measure of shame: The Experience of Shame Scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 29–42.PubMedCrossRef

Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 243–267.PubMedCrossRef

Beck, A. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row.

Beck, A., Rush, A., Shaw, B., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.

Brown, G. W, & Harris, T. O. (1989). Life events and illness. New York: Guilford Press.

Davidson, R., Pizzagalli, D., Nitschke, J., & Putnam, K. (2002). Depression: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 545–574.PubMedCrossRef

Ferguson, T. J., Stegge, H., Miller E. R., & Olsen, M. E. (1999). Guilt, shame, and symptoms in children. Developmental Psychology, 35, 347–357.PubMedCrossRef

First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M, & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders. New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.

Gilbert, P. (1989). Human nature and suffering. London: Erlbaum.

Hammen, C. (2000). Interpersonal factors in an emerging developmental model of depression. In S. Johnson, A. Hayes, R. Field, N. Schneiderman, & P. McCabe (Eds.), Stress, coping and depression (pp. 71–88). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Ingram, R. E., Miranda, J., & Segal, Z. V. (1998). Cognitive vulnerability to depression. New York: Guilford Press. .

Joiner, T., & Coyne, J. C. (Eds.). (1999). The interactional nature of depression. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Kanner, A. D., Coyne, J. C., Schaefer, C., & Lazarus, R. S. (1981). Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 1–39.PubMedCrossRef

Lewinsohn, P. M., Allen, N. B., Seeley, J. R., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). First onset versus recurrence of depression: Differential processes of psychosocial risk. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 483–489.PubMedCrossRef

Lewinsohn, P. M., Steinmetz, J. L., Larson, D. W., & Franklin, J. (1981). Depression-related cognition: Antecedents or consequence? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 213–219.PubMedCrossRef

Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.

Lewis, H. B. (1987). The role of shame in depression over the life span. In H. B. Lewis (Ed.), The role of shame in symptom formation (pp. 29–50). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Monroe, S. M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1999). Life events and depression in adolescence: Relationship loss as a prospective risk factor for the first onset of major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 606–614.PubMedCrossRef

Mosher, D. L. (1966). The development and multitrait-multimethod matrix analysis of three measures of three aspects of guilt. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 30, 25–29.CrossRef

Segal, Z., Gemar, M., Truchon, C., Guirguis, M., & Horowitz, L. (1995). A priming methodology for studying self-representation in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 205–213.PubMedCrossRef

Tangney, J. P. (1991). Moral affect: The good, the bad and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 598–607.PubMedCrossRef

Tangney, J. P. (1992). Situational determinants of shame and guilt in young adulthood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 199–206.

Tangney, J. P. (1993). Shame and guilt. In C. G. Costello (Ed.), Symptoms of depression (pp. 161–180). New York: Wiley.

Tangney, J. P. (1995). Shame and guilt in interpersonal relationships. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 114–139). New York: Guilford.

Tangney, J. P., Dearing, R. L., Wagner, P. E., & Gramzow, R. (2000). The Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3 (TOSCA-3). Fairfax, VA: George Mason University.

Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Proneness of shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 469–478.PubMedCrossRef

Teasdale, J. D. (1983). Negative thinking in depression: Cause effect or reciprocal relationship? Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 5, 3–25.CrossRef

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.PubMedCrossRef

Wicker, F. W., Payne, G. C., & Morgan, R. D. (1983). Participant descriptions of guilt and shame. Motivation and Emotion, 7, 25–39.CrossRef

Zahn-Waxler, C. (2000). The development of empathy, guilt, and internalization of distress: Implications for gender differences in internalizing and externalizing problems. In R. Davidson (Ed.), Anxiety, depression, and emotion (pp. 222–265). New York: Oxford University Press.

Titel: Shame Reactions to Everyday Dilemmas are Associated with Depressive Disorder
Auteurs: Renee J. Thompson
Howard Berenbaum
Publicatiedatum: 01-08-2006
Uitgeverij: Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 4/2006
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9056-3

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2006

Goals and Depressive Symptoms: Cross-lagged Effects of Cognitive versus Emotional Goal Appraisals

Perceived Burdensomeness as an Indicator of Suicidal Symptoms

Evidence of Broad Deficits in Emotion Regulation Associated with Chronic Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Preparing Clients for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Randomized Pilot Study of Motivational Interviewing for Anxiety

Neediness and Interpersonal Life Stress: Does Congruency Predict Depression?

The Long-Term Stability of Early Maladaptive Schemas