Introduction
This Study: Aims and Hypotheses
Methods
Participants
Materials
Reactive Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ)
Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-Second Version (MAYSI-2)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)
Youth Self-Report (YSR)
Diagnostic-Interview Schedule for Children-Fourth Version (DISC-IV)
Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI)
Self-Reported Offending
Ethnicity
Procedure
Data-Analyses
Results
Variable-Oriented Analyses
Factorial Validity and Internal Consistency
Two factor model | One factor model | Cronbach’s α | |||||||||
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χ
2
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df
| RMSEA | CFI |
χ
2
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df
| RMSEA | CFI | Total | RA | PA | |
Total sample (N = 794) | 955.70 | 229 | .063 | .931 | 982.33 | 230 | .064 | .928 | .90 | .85 | .83 |
Dutch sample (N = 164) | 336.85 | 229 | .054 | .950 | 398.44 | 230 | .067 | .922 | .90 | .85 | .83 |
Moroccan sample (N = 215) | 294.83 | 229 | .037 | .975 | 335.17 | 230 | .046 | .960 | .88 | .84 | .81 |
Antillean/Surinamese sample (N = 156) | 336.40 | 229 | .055 | .932 | 370.16 | 230 | .063 | .911 | .88 | .83 | .79 |
Mixed ethnicity sample (N = 247) | 350.39 | 229 | .046 | .958 | 420.70 | 230 | .058 | .934 | .89 | .84 | .82 |
RPQ Mean Scores
Total sample (N = 807) | Dutch (1) (N = 167) | Moroccan (2) (N = 217) | Antil/Surin (3) (N = 160) | Mixed (4) (N = 251) | Group comparisona
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Total score | 9.94 | 6.87 | 11.87 | 7.22 | 7.19 | 5.79 | 12.20 | 6.78 | 9.53 | 6.53 | 2 < 1, 3, 4; 4 < 1, 3 |
Reactive aggression | 7.38 | 4.39 | 8.54 | 4.48 | 5.70 | 4.02 | 8.82 | 4.26 | 7.11 | 4.16 | 2 < 1, 3, 4; 4 < 1, 3 |
Proactive aggression | 2.56 | 3.12 | 3.33 | 3.46 | 1.49 | 2.38 | 3.37 | 3.21 | 2.41 | 3.07 | 2 < 1, 3, 4; 4 < 1, 3 |
Convergent Validity
Total sample | Dutch | Moroccan | Antillean/Surinamese | Mixed ethnicity | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aggress. | CD sym. | Anger | Aggress. | CD sym. | Anger | Aggress. | CD sym. | Anger | Aggress. | CD sym. | Anger | Aggress. | CD sym. | Anger | |
Total | .73** | .41** | .60** | .75** | .46** | .56** | .72** | .47** | .60** | .71** | .31* | .66** | .74** | .32* | .54** |
Reactive (zero-order) | .69** | .33** | .60** | .71** | .33** | .57** | .67** | .32** | .64** | .66** | .28* | .64** | .70** | .27* | .53** |
Reactive (adjusted) | .46** | .03 | .51** | .49** | −.11 | .49** | .52** | .02 | .62** | .32* | .10 | .50** | .48** | .12 | .42** |
Proactive (zero-order) | .65** | .44** | .47** | .66** | .54** | .44** | .57** | .57** | .42** | .69** | .31** | .54** | .64** | .31* | .43** |
Proactive (adjusted) | .32** | .43** | .14** | .32* | .62** | .12 | .30** | .56** | .07 | .44** | .23 | .22* | .33** | .23 | .17 |
Criterion Validity
Depressed/anxious | Suicide ideation | Social problems | Prosocial behavior | Alcohol/drug use | Substance use disorder | CD | CD aggressive | YPI total score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | .33** | .20** | .38** | −.28** | .48** | 1.17** | 1.18** | 1.17** | .69** |
RA (zero-order) | .34** | .21** | .37** | −.22** | .42** | 1.24** | 1.25** | 1.23** | .61** |
RA (adjusted) | .32** | .21** | .29** | −.05 | .18* | 1.13** | 1.03 | 1.01 | .33** |
PA (zero-order) | .24** | .14** | .28** | −.30** | .48** | 1.39** | 1.45** | 1.39** | .65** |
PA (adjusted) | .03 | <.01 | .10 | −.26** | .36** | 1.13** | 1.41** | 1.37** | .44** |
YPI ID | YPI AD | YPI BD | Violent offenses | Theft | Vandalism | Threats/insults | Drug offenses | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | .54** | .50** | .66** | .60** | .75** | .59** | .62** | .46** | |
RA (zero-order) | .46** | .42** | .63** | .50** | .46** | .48** | .53** | .36** | |
RA (adjusted) | .18** | .15* | .46** | .11 | .07 | .08 | .15* | .01 | |
PA (zero-order) | .54** | .51** | .56** | .63** | .61** | .63** | .64** | .51** | |
PA (adjusted) | .43** | .42** | .26** | .56** | .57** | .57** | .54** | .51** |
Depressed/anxious | Suicide ideation | Social problems | Prosocial behavior | Alcohol/drug use | SUD | CD | Aggressive CD | YPI total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dutch | |||||||||
Total | .32** | .06 | .30* | −.24* | .52** | 1.14** | 1.21** | 1.16** | .60** |
RA (zero-order) | .30** | .10 | .25* | −.19 | .40** | 1.17** | 1.25** | 1.18* | .50** |
RA (adjusted) | .20** | .20 | .07 | −.06 | .07 | 1.02 | .92 | .84 | .19 |
PA (zero-order) | .27** | −.05 | .31* | −.25* | .56** | 1.44** | 1.66** | 1.47** | .60** |
PA (adjusted) | .13 | −.12 | .26 | −.21 | .51** | 1.40* | 1.80** | 1.75** | .48** |
Moroccan | |||||||||
Total | .38* | .17 | .34** | −.29** | .42** | 1.19** | 1.36** | 1.35** | .70** |
RA (zero-order) | .44* | .21* | .37** | −.20* | .35** | 1.24** | 1.31* | 1.32* | .61** |
RA (adjusted) | .51** | .28* | .38** | .05 | .15 | 1.11 | 1.08 | 1.14 | .33** |
PA (zero-order) | .19* | .06 | .19 | −.38** | .42** | 1.44** | 2.16** | 1.82** | .66** |
PA (adjusted) | −.19 | −.11 | −.01 | −.41** | .33** | 1.32* | 2.05** | 1.71** | .46** |
Antillean/Surin. | |||||||||
Total | .39** | .33** | .36** | −.19 | .46** | 1.14** | 1.21** | 1.16** | .62** |
RA (zero-order) | .41** | .34** | .36** | −.10 | .42** | 1.17* | 1.25** | 1.18* | .50** |
RA (adjusted) | .37** | .31* | .29 | .13 | .24 | 1.02 | .92 | .10 | .19 |
PA (zero-order) | .29** | .25* | .31* | −.27** | .43** | 1.44** | 1.66** | 1.47** | .64** |
PA (adjusted) | .05 | .05 | .09 | −.36** | .29* | 1.40* | 1.80** | 1.75** | .53** |
Mixed ethnicity | |||||||||
Total | .23** | .21* | .39** | −.24** | .45** | 1.16** | 1.13* | 1.13* | .76** |
RA (zero-order) | .21* | .17* | .40** | −.18 | .40** | 1.26** | 1.23* | 1.23* | .70** |
RA (adjusted) | .15 | .10 | .36* | −.10 | .22* | 1.20* | 1.17 | 1.16 | .47** |
PA (zero-order) | .19* | .21* | .29* | −.21* | .42** | 1.27** | 1.22* | 1.23* | .66** |
PA (adjusted) | .10 | .17 | .06 | −.10 | .28** | 1.10 | 1.10* | 1.11 | .38** |
YPI ID | YPI AD | YPI BD | Violent offenses | Theft | Vandalism | Threats/insults | Drug offenses | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dutch | ||||||||
Total | .47** | .38** | .58** | .63** | .64** | .62** | .59** | .48** |
RA (zero-order) | .38** | .28** | .54** | .52** | .49** | .48** | .42** | .37** |
RA (adjusted) | .09 | −.13 | .35** | .10 | −.03 | −.01 | −.13 | −.03 |
PA (zero-order) | .50** | .43** | .52** | .66** | .71** | .68** | .69** | .54** |
PA (adjusted) | .43** | .44** | .29* | .60** | .73** | .69** | .79** | .56** |
Moroccan | ||||||||
Total | .53** | .51** | .71** | .39** | .53** | .48** | .62** | .44** |
RA (zero-order) | .44** | .42** | .66** | .28* | .38** | .32** | .45** | .34** |
RA (adjusted) | .17 | .17 | .48** | .07 | .09 | .00 | .07 | .10 |
PA (zero-order) | .55** | .52** | .60** | .46** | .61** | .60** | .72** | .49** |
PA (adjusted) | .45** | .42** | .31** | .42** | .56** | .60** | .68** | .44** |
Antillean/Surin. | ||||||||
Total | .47** | .44** | .61** | .65** | .49** | .54** | .58** | .46** |
RA (zero-order) | .36** | .32** | .54** | .52** | .41** | .47** | .51** | .35* |
RA (adjusted) | .08 | .02 | .34** | −.05 | .03 | .11 | .13 | −.10 |
PA (zero-order) | .51** | .51** | .55** | .72** | .53** | .56** | .60** | .53** |
PA (adjusted) | .46** | .50** | .34** | .75** | .51** | .47* | .50** | .60** |
Mixed ethnicity | ||||||||
Total | .59** | .62** | .66** | .60** | .61** | .60** | .66** | .45** |
RA (zero-order) | .51** | .54** | .66** | .51** | .51** | .51** | .64** | .36** |
RA (adjusted) | .28** | .31** | .54** | .23 | .21 | .20 | .50** | .07 |
PA (zero-order) | .56** | .57** | .52** | .58** | .68** | .60** | .55** | .49** |
PA (adjusted) | .38** | .38** | .19* | .43** | .47** | .46** | .23 | .44** |
Person-Oriented Analyses
Deriving Clusters
Total (N = 807) | Dutch (N = 167) | Moroccan (N = 217) | Antillean/Surinamese (N = 160) | Mixed ethnicity (N = 251) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA | PA | N (%) | RA | PA | N (%) | RA | PA | N (%) | RA | PA | N (%) | RA | PA | N (%) | |
Low aggression | 4.06 | .69 | 426 (52.8) | 4.95 | 1.11 | 95 (56.9) | 3.55 | .42 | 150 (69.1) | 4.74 | 1.08 | 78 (48.6) | 3.99 | .59 | 127 (50.6) |
Combined aggression | 13.29 | 9.25 | 102 (12.7) | 14.31 | 9.77 | 13 (7.8) | 11.77 | 8.85 | 17 (7.8) | 13.61 | 9.00 | 20 (12.5) | 12.54 | 9.03 | 34 (13.5) |
Reactive aggression only | 10.30 | 2.97 | 279 (34.5) | 10.40 | 3.18 | 59 (27.1) | 10.34 | 2.75 | 50 (23.0) | 10.79 | 2.48 | 62 (38.7) | 9.88 | 2.71 | 90 (35.8) |
Comparing Clusters
Low (1) | Combined (2) | RA only (3) | Group comparisona
| Low (1) | Combined (2) | RA only (3) | Group comparisona
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depressed/anxious | .76 (1.20) | 1.93 (1.78) | 1.57 (1.70) |
2 > 1, 3 > 1 | Aggressive CD [n(%)] | 11 (4.7) | 29 (51.8) | 23 (17.4) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
|
Suicide ideation | .09 (.43) | .41 (1.04) | .32 (.85) |
2 > 1, 3 > 1 | YPI Total Score | 73.01 (10.97) | 106.94 (18.55) | 89.46 (18.55) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
|
Social problems | 1.50 (1.90) | 3.91 (2.61) | 2.26 (2.33) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1 | YPI ID | 23.56 (4.55) | 35.50 (9.31) | 28.29 (6.78) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
|
Prosocial behavior | 8.72 (1.50) | 7.58 (1.64) | 8.01 (1.69) |
2 < 1, 3 < 1 | YPI AD | 25.13 (4.53) | 34.04 (7.06) | 29.33 (5.89) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
|
Peer problems | 1.92 (1.51) | 2.32 (1.47) | 2.18 (1.57) | 2 > 1 | YPI BD | 24.29 (5.67) | 37.58 (7.28) | 31.90 (6.74) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
|
Aggressive behavior | 1.79 (2.06) | 10.12 (4.88) | 5.44 (3.51) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
| Violent Offenses | .35 (.69) | 2.40 (1.51) | .84 (.96) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
|
Aggr.CD sympt. | .19 (.49) | 1.18 (1.36) | .54 (.96) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1 | Theft | .94 (1.51) | 4.92 (2.95) | 2.10 (2.11) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
|
Angry irritable | .92 (.49) | 4.08 (2.11) | 2.78 (2.24) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
| Vandalism | .33 (.71) | 2.60 (1.62) | .92 (1.14) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
|
Alcohol/drug use | .59 (1.28) | 3.43 (2.41) | 1.58 (2.04) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
| Threats/Insults | .24 (.63) | 2.25 (1.24) | 0..83 (.97) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
|
SUD [n (%)] | 70 (26.5) | 73 (83.9) | 111 (59.7) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
b
| Drug-related offenses | .11 (.45) | 1.19 (1.26) | .38 (.70) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
|
CD [n (%)] | 14 (6.0) | 35 (62.5) | 27 (20.5) | 2 > 1, 3; 3 > 1
b
|