Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development 3/2015

01-06-2015 | Original Article

The Work–Family Conflict Scale (WAFCS): Development and Initial Validation of a Self-report Measure of Work–Family Conflict for Use with Parents

Auteurs: Divna Haslam, Ania Filus, Alina Morawska, Matthew R. Sanders, Renee Fletcher

Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development | Uitgave 3/2015

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

This paper outlines the development and validation of the Work–Family Conflict Scale (WAFCS) designed to measure work-to-family conflict (WFC) and family-to-work conflict (FWC) for use with parents of young children. An expert informant and consumer feedback approach was utilised to develop and refine 20 items, which were subjected to a rigorous validation process using two separate samples of parents of 2–12 year old children (n = 305 and n = 264). As a result of statistical analyses several items were dropped resulting in a brief 10-item scale comprising two subscales assessing theoretically distinct but related constructs: FWC (five items) and WFC (five items). Analyses revealed both subscales have good internal consistency, construct validity as well as concurrent and predictive validity. The results indicate the WAFCS is a promising brief measure for the assessment of work–family conflict in parents. Benefits of the measure as well as potential uses are discussed.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Voetnoten
1
The CFI, RMSEA and SRMR fit indices were all affected by the Satorra–Bentler scaling correction for the Chi square statistic.
 
2
For the chi square difference test a constrained model, in which the correlation between the factors is fixed at 1.00 is compared to the original model’s χ 2 where the correlation between the constructs is estimated freely. Significantly lower chi square value of the unconstrained model implies good discriminant validity.
 
3
For more information please contact the corresponding author.
 
Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Greenhaus JH, Beutell NJ (1985) Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Acad Manag Rev 10:76–88 Greenhaus JH, Beutell NJ (1985) Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Acad Manag Rev 10:76–88
2.
go back to reference Byron K (2005) A meta-analytic review of work–family conflict and its antecedents. J Vocat Behav 67:169–198CrossRef Byron K (2005) A meta-analytic review of work–family conflict and its antecedents. J Vocat Behav 67:169–198CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Casper WJ et al (2007) A review of research methods in IO/OB work–family research. J Appl Psychol 92:28–43CrossRefPubMed Casper WJ et al (2007) A review of research methods in IO/OB work–family research. J Appl Psychol 92:28–43CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Frone MR, Russell M, Cooper ML (1992) Antecedents and outcomes of work–family conflict: testing a model of the work–family interface. J Appl Psychol 77:65–78CrossRefPubMed Frone MR, Russell M, Cooper ML (1992) Antecedents and outcomes of work–family conflict: testing a model of the work–family interface. J Appl Psychol 77:65–78CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Eby LT et al (2005) Work and family research in IO/OB: content analysis and review of the literature (1980–2002). J Vocat Behav 66:124–197CrossRef Eby LT et al (2005) Work and family research in IO/OB: content analysis and review of the literature (1980–2002). J Vocat Behav 66:124–197CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Ruppanner L (2013) Conflict between work and family: an investigation of four policy measures. Soc Indic Res 110:327–347CrossRef Ruppanner L (2013) Conflict between work and family: an investigation of four policy measures. Soc Indic Res 110:327–347CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Nomaguchi KM (2009) Change in work–family conflict among employed parents between 1977 and 1997. J Marriage Fam 71:15–32CrossRef Nomaguchi KM (2009) Change in work–family conflict among employed parents between 1977 and 1997. J Marriage Fam 71:15–32CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Haslam DM, Sanders MR, Sofronoff K (2013) Reducing work–family conflict in teachers: a randomised controlled trial of workplace triple P. Sch Ment Health 5:70–82CrossRef Haslam DM, Sanders MR, Sofronoff K (2013) Reducing work–family conflict in teachers: a randomised controlled trial of workplace triple P. Sch Ment Health 5:70–82CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Hartung D, Hahlweg K (2010) Strengthening parent well-being at the work–family interface: a German trial on workplace triple P. J Community Appl Soc Psychol 20:404–418CrossRef Hartung D, Hahlweg K (2010) Strengthening parent well-being at the work–family interface: a German trial on workplace triple P. J Community Appl Soc Psychol 20:404–418CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Mesmer-Magnus JR, Viswesvaran C (2005) Convergence between measures of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict: a meta-analytic examination. J Vocat Behav 67:215–232CrossRef Mesmer-Magnus JR, Viswesvaran C (2005) Convergence between measures of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict: a meta-analytic examination. J Vocat Behav 67:215–232CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH (1994) Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill, New York Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH (1994) Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill, New York
12.
go back to reference Carlson D, Kacmar KM, Williams LJ (2000) Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work–family conflict. J Vocat Behav 56:249–276CrossRef Carlson D, Kacmar KM, Williams LJ (2000) Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work–family conflict. J Vocat Behav 56:249–276CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Frone MR, Yardley JK, Markel KS (1997) Developing and testing an integrative model of the work–family interface. J Vocat Behav 50:145–167CrossRef Frone MR, Yardley JK, Markel KS (1997) Developing and testing an integrative model of the work–family interface. J Vocat Behav 50:145–167CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH (1990) How to develop and validate a new quality of life instrument. In: Spilker B (ed) Quality of life assessment in clinical trials. Raven Press, New York, pp 47–57 Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH (1990) How to develop and validate a new quality of life instrument. In: Spilker B (ed) Quality of life assessment in clinical trials. Raven Press, New York, pp 47–57
15.
go back to reference Diefenbach MA, Weinstein ND, O’Reilly J (1993) Scales for assessing perceptions of health hazard susceptibility. Health Educ Res 8:181–192CrossRefPubMed Diefenbach MA, Weinstein ND, O’Reilly J (1993) Scales for assessing perceptions of health hazard susceptibility. Health Educ Res 8:181–192CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Cummins RA, Gullone E (2000) Why we should not use 5-point Likert scales: the case for subjective quality of life measurement. In: Second international conference on quality of life. National University of Singapore Cummins RA, Gullone E (2000) Why we should not use 5-point Likert scales: the case for subjective quality of life measurement. In: Second international conference on quality of life. National University of Singapore
17.
go back to reference Matthews RA, Kath LM, Barnes-Farrell JL (2010) A short, valid, predictive measure of work–family conflict: item selection and scale validation. J Occup Health Psychol 15:75–90CrossRefPubMed Matthews RA, Kath LM, Barnes-Farrell JL (2010) A short, valid, predictive measure of work–family conflict: item selection and scale validation. J Occup Health Psychol 15:75–90CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Boyar SL et al (2006) Assessment of the validity of Netemeyer et al’.s (1996) WFC and FWC scales. Int J Confl Manag 17:34–44CrossRef Boyar SL et al (2006) Assessment of the validity of Netemeyer et al’.s (1996) WFC and FWC scales. Int J Confl Manag 17:34–44CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Netemeyer RG, Boles JS, McMurrian R (1996) Development and validation of work–family conflict and family–work conflict scales. J Appl Psychol 81:400–410CrossRef Netemeyer RG, Boles JS, McMurrian R (1996) Development and validation of work–family conflict and family–work conflict scales. J Appl Psychol 81:400–410CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Kopelman RE, Greenhaus JH, Connolly TF (1983) A model of work family and interrole conflict: a construct validation study. Organ Behav Hum Perform 32:198–215CrossRef Kopelman RE, Greenhaus JH, Connolly TF (1983) A model of work family and interrole conflict: a construct validation study. Organ Behav Hum Perform 32:198–215CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Thomas LT, Ganstr DC (1995) Impact of family supportive work variables on work–family conflict and strain : a control perspective. J Appl Psychol 80:6–15CrossRef Thomas LT, Ganstr DC (1995) Impact of family supportive work variables on work–family conflict and strain : a control perspective. J Appl Psychol 80:6–15CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Cohen RJ, Swerdlik M, Sturman E (2012) Psychological testing and assessment: an introduction to tests and measurement, 8th edn. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Boston Cohen RJ, Swerdlik M, Sturman E (2012) Psychological testing and assessment: an introduction to tests and measurement, 8th edn. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Boston
23.
go back to reference Haslam DM, Morawska A, Sanders MR (2010). The Work–Family Conflict Scale (WAFCS). Parenting and Family Support Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia Haslam DM, Morawska A, Sanders MR (2010). The Work–Family Conflict Scale (WAFCS). Parenting and Family Support Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia
24.
go back to reference Kline P (1994) An easy guide to factor analysis. Taylor & Francis Group, London Kline P (1994) An easy guide to factor analysis. Taylor & Francis Group, London
25.
go back to reference Sanders MR, Morawska A (2010) Family Background Questionnaire. Parenting and Family Support Centre, Brisbane Sanders MR, Morawska A (2010) Family Background Questionnaire. Parenting and Family Support Centre, Brisbane
26.
go back to reference Arnold DS et al (1993) The Parenting Scale: a measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychol Assess 5:137–144CrossRef Arnold DS et al (1993) The Parenting Scale: a measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychol Assess 5:137–144CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Locke LM, Prinz RJ (2002) Measurement of parental discipline and nurturance. Clin Psychol Rev 22:895–929CrossRefPubMed Locke LM, Prinz RJ (2002) Measurement of parental discipline and nurturance. Clin Psychol Rev 22:895–929CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Eyberg SM, Pincus D (1999) Eyberg child behavior inventory and Sutter–Eyberg student behavior inventory—revised: professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL Eyberg SM, Pincus D (1999) Eyberg child behavior inventory and Sutter–Eyberg student behavior inventory—revised: professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL
29.
go back to reference Webster-Stratton C, Hammond M (1997) Treating children with early-onset conduct problems: a comparison of child and parent training interventions. J Consult Clin Psychol 65:93–109CrossRefPubMed Webster-Stratton C, Hammond M (1997) Treating children with early-onset conduct problems: a comparison of child and parent training interventions. J Consult Clin Psychol 65:93–109CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Sanders MR, Woolley ML (2005) The relationship between maternal self-efficacy and parenting practices: implications for parent training. Child Care Health Dev 31(1):65–73CrossRefPubMed Sanders MR, Woolley ML (2005) The relationship between maternal self-efficacy and parenting practices: implications for parent training. Child Care Health Dev 31(1):65–73CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Muthèn LK, Muthèn BO (1998–20112) Mplus user’s guide. Author, Los Angeles, CA Muthèn LK, Muthèn BO (1998–20112) Mplus user’s guide. Author, Los Angeles, CA
32.
go back to reference Stevens J (2002) Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences, 4th edn. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ Stevens J (2002) Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences, 4th edn. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
33.
go back to reference Satorra A, Bentler PM (1994) Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In: Eye AV, Clogg CC (eds) Latent variables analysis: applications for developmental research. Sage Publications Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp 399–419 Satorra A, Bentler PM (1994) Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In: Eye AV, Clogg CC (eds) Latent variables analysis: applications for developmental research. Sage Publications Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp 399–419
34.
go back to reference Browne MW, Cudeck R (1989) Single sample cross-validation indexes for covariance-structures. Multivar Behav Res 24:445–455CrossRef Browne MW, Cudeck R (1989) Single sample cross-validation indexes for covariance-structures. Multivar Behav Res 24:445–455CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Hu LT, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J 6:1–55CrossRef Hu LT, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J 6:1–55CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Kline RB (2011) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. In: Methodology in the social sciences, 3rd edn. Guilford Press, New York, xvi, 427 p Kline RB (2011) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. In: Methodology in the social sciences, 3rd edn. Guilford Press, New York, xvi, 427 p
37.
go back to reference Brown TA (2006) Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Press, New York Brown TA (2006) Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Press, New York
38.
go back to reference Schreiber JB et al (2006) Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: a review. J Educ Res 99:323–337CrossRef Schreiber JB et al (2006) Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: a review. J Educ Res 99:323–337CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Churchill GA (1979) A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. J Mark Res 16(1):64–73CrossRef Churchill GA (1979) A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. J Mark Res 16(1):64–73CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Gerbing DW, Anderson JC (1988) An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. J Mark Res 25(2):186–192CrossRef Gerbing DW, Anderson JC (1988) An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. J Mark Res 25(2):186–192CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Fornell C, Larcker DF (1981) Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res 18:39–50CrossRef Fornell C, Larcker DF (1981) Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res 18:39–50CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Bollen KA (1989) Structural equations with latent variables. Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics Applied probability and statistics. Wiley, New York, xiv, 514 p Bollen KA (1989) Structural equations with latent variables. Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics Applied probability and statistics. Wiley, New York, xiv, 514 p
43.
go back to reference Morawska A, Sanders MR (2007) Concurrent predictors of dysfunctional parenting and maternal confidence: implications for parenting interventions. Child Care Health Dev 33:757–767CrossRefPubMed Morawska A, Sanders MR (2007) Concurrent predictors of dysfunctional parenting and maternal confidence: implications for parenting interventions. Child Care Health Dev 33:757–767CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Cinamon RG, Weisel A, Tzuk K (2007) Work–family conflict within the family. Crossover effects, perceived parent-child interaction quality, parental self-efficacy, and life role attributions. J Career Dev 34:79–100CrossRef Cinamon RG, Weisel A, Tzuk K (2007) Work–family conflict within the family. Crossover effects, perceived parent-child interaction quality, parental self-efficacy, and life role attributions. J Career Dev 34:79–100CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Shrout PE, Bolger N (2002) Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychol Methods 7:422–445CrossRefPubMed Shrout PE, Bolger N (2002) Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychol Methods 7:422–445CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Cheng Y, Yuan K-H, Liu C (2012) Comparison of reliability measures under factor analysis and item response theory. Educ Psychol Meas 72:52–67CrossRef Cheng Y, Yuan K-H, Liu C (2012) Comparison of reliability measures under factor analysis and item response theory. Educ Psychol Meas 72:52–67CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Hancock GR, Mueller RO (2001) Rethinking construct reliability within latent variable systems. In: Cudeck R, Toit SD, Sörbom D (eds) Factor analysis and structural equation modeling: a Festschrift honoring Karl G. Jöreskog. Scientific Software International, Lincolnwood, IL Hancock GR, Mueller RO (2001) Rethinking construct reliability within latent variable systems. In: Cudeck R, Toit SD, Sörbom D (eds) Factor analysis and structural equation modeling: a Festschrift honoring Karl G. Jöreskog. Scientific Software International, Lincolnwood, IL
49.
go back to reference Enders CK (2010) Applied missing data analysis. Guilford Press, New York Enders CK (2010) Applied missing data analysis. Guilford Press, New York
50.
go back to reference Little TD et al (2002) To parcel or not to parcel: exploring the question, weighing the merits. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J 9:151–173CrossRef Little TD et al (2002) To parcel or not to parcel: exploring the question, weighing the merits. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J 9:151–173CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Kaplan D (1994) Estimator conditioning diagnostics for covariance structure models. Sociol Methods Res 23:200–229CrossRef Kaplan D (1994) Estimator conditioning diagnostics for covariance structure models. Sociol Methods Res 23:200–229CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
The Work–Family Conflict Scale (WAFCS): Development and Initial Validation of a Self-report Measure of Work–Family Conflict for Use with Parents
Auteurs
Divna Haslam
Ania Filus
Alina Morawska
Matthew R. Sanders
Renee Fletcher
Publicatiedatum
01-06-2015
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Child Psychiatry & Human Development / Uitgave 3/2015
Print ISSN: 0009-398X
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3327
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0476-0

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2015

Child Psychiatry & Human Development 3/2015 Naar de uitgave