Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development 1/2012

01-02-2012 | Original Article

Anxiety and Reading Difficulties in Early Elementary School: Evidence for Unidirectional- or Bi-Directional Relations?

Auteurs: Amie E. Grills-Taquechel, Jack M. Fletcher, Sharon R. Vaughn, Karla K. Stuebing

Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development | Uitgave 1/2012

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

The present study examined competing models of the bi-directional influences of anxiety and reading achievement. Participants were 153 ethnically-diverse children (84 male, 69 female) from general education classes evaluated in the winter and spring of their first-grade academic year. Children completed standardized measures of reading achievement involving decoding and fluency along with an anxiety rating scale. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that separation anxiety symptoms were negatively predicted by fluency performance and harm avoidance symptoms were positively predicted by decoding performance. Fluency performance was positively predicted by harm avoidance and total anxiety (for girls only) symptoms, while decoding was not predicted by any anxiety subscale.
Voetnoten
1
Additional information about the larger study, its measures, and procedures can be found at: www.​texasldcenter.​org/​outcomes.
 
Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Beidel DC (1991) Social phobia and overanxious disorder in school-age children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30:545–552PubMedCrossRef Beidel DC (1991) Social phobia and overanxious disorder in school-age children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30:545–552PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Cartwright-Hatton S, McNicol K, Doubleday E (2006) Anxiety in a neglected population: prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clin Psychol Rev 26:817–833PubMedCrossRef Cartwright-Hatton S, McNicol K, Doubleday E (2006) Anxiety in a neglected population: prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clin Psychol Rev 26:817–833PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Fergusson D, Horwood L, Lynskey M (1993) Prevalence and comorbidity of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a birth cohort of 15 year olds. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:1127–1134PubMedCrossRef Fergusson D, Horwood L, Lynskey M (1993) Prevalence and comorbidity of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a birth cohort of 15 year olds. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:1127–1134PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Kessler R, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Walters E (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:593–602PubMedCrossRef Kessler R, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Walters E (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:593–602PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Verhulst F, van der Ende J, Ferdinand R, Kasius M (1997) The prevalence of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a national sample of Dutch adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:329–336PubMedCrossRef Verhulst F, van der Ende J, Ferdinand R, Kasius M (1997) The prevalence of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a national sample of Dutch adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:329–336PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Lavigne J, LeBailly S, Hopkins J, Gouze K, Binns H (2009) The prevalence of ADHD, ODD, depression, and anxiety in a community sample of 4-year-olds. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 38:315–328PubMedCrossRef Lavigne J, LeBailly S, Hopkins J, Gouze K, Binns H (2009) The prevalence of ADHD, ODD, depression, and anxiety in a community sample of 4-year-olds. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 38:315–328PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Ohannessian CM, Lerner RM, Lerner JV, von Eye A (1999) Does self-competence predict gender differences in adolescent depression and anxiety? J Adolesc 22:397–411CrossRef Ohannessian CM, Lerner RM, Lerner JV, von Eye A (1999) Does self-competence predict gender differences in adolescent depression and anxiety? J Adolesc 22:397–411CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Grills AE, Ollendick TH (2002) Peer victimization, global self-worth, and anxiety in middle school children. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 31:59–68PubMed Grills AE, Ollendick TH (2002) Peer victimization, global self-worth, and anxiety in middle school children. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 31:59–68PubMed
9.
go back to reference Kovacs M, Gatsonis C, Paulauskas S, Richards C (1989) Depressive disorders in childhood: IV. A longitudinal study of comorbidity with and risk for anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:776–782PubMedCrossRef Kovacs M, Gatsonis C, Paulauskas S, Richards C (1989) Depressive disorders in childhood: IV. A longitudinal study of comorbidity with and risk for anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:776–782PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference McGee R, Feehan M, Williams S, Anderson J (1992) DSM-III disorders from age 11 to 15 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31:50–59PubMedCrossRef McGee R, Feehan M, Williams S, Anderson J (1992) DSM-III disorders from age 11 to 15 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31:50–59PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference US Department of Education (1995) 17th Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Washington, DC US Department of Education (1995) 17th Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Washington, DC
12.
go back to reference Kavale KA, Forness SR (1998) Covariance in learning disability and behavior disorder: an examination of classification and placement issues. Adv Learn Behav Disabil 12:1–42 Kavale KA, Forness SR (1998) Covariance in learning disability and behavior disorder: an examination of classification and placement issues. Adv Learn Behav Disabil 12:1–42
13.
go back to reference Kellam S, Brown C, Fleming J (1983) Relationship of first-grade social adaptation to teenage drinking, drug-use, and smoking. Dig Alcohol Theory Appl 2:20–24 Kellam S, Brown C, Fleming J (1983) Relationship of first-grade social adaptation to teenage drinking, drug-use, and smoking. Dig Alcohol Theory Appl 2:20–24
14.
go back to reference Wiener J, Schneider BH (2002) A multisource exploration of the friendship patterns of children with and without learning disabilities. J Abnorm Child Psychol 30:127–141PubMedCrossRef Wiener J, Schneider BH (2002) A multisource exploration of the friendship patterns of children with and without learning disabilities. J Abnorm Child Psychol 30:127–141PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Yasutake D, Bryan T (1995) The influence of affect on the achievement and behavior of students with learning disabilities. J Learn Disabil 28:329–334PubMedCrossRef Yasutake D, Bryan T (1995) The influence of affect on the achievement and behavior of students with learning disabilities. J Learn Disabil 28:329–334PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Kavale KA, Forness SR (1996) Social skill deficits and learning disabilities: a meta-analysis. J Learn Disabil 29:226–237PubMedCrossRef Kavale KA, Forness SR (1996) Social skill deficits and learning disabilities: a meta-analysis. J Learn Disabil 29:226–237PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Haager D, Vaughn S (1995) Parent, teacher, peer, and self-reports of the social competence of students with learning disabilities. J Learn Disabil 28:205–215PubMedCrossRef Haager D, Vaughn S (1995) Parent, teacher, peer, and self-reports of the social competence of students with learning disabilities. J Learn Disabil 28:205–215PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Stone W, LaGreca A (1990) The social status of children with learning disabilities: a reexamination. J Learn Disabil 23:32–37PubMedCrossRef Stone W, LaGreca A (1990) The social status of children with learning disabilities: a reexamination. J Learn Disabil 23:32–37PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Vaughn S, Elbaum B, Schumm J, Hughes M (1998) Social outcomes for students with and without learning disabilities in inclusive classrooms. J Learn Disabil 31:428–436PubMedCrossRef Vaughn S, Elbaum B, Schumm J, Hughes M (1998) Social outcomes for students with and without learning disabilities in inclusive classrooms. J Learn Disabil 31:428–436PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Elbaum B, Vaughn S (2001) School-based interventions to enhance the self-concept of students with learning disabilities: a meta-analysis. Elem Sch J 101:303–329CrossRef Elbaum B, Vaughn S (2001) School-based interventions to enhance the self-concept of students with learning disabilities: a meta-analysis. Elem Sch J 101:303–329CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Prout H, Marcal S, Marcal D (1992) A meta-analysis of self-reported personality characteristics of children and adolescents with learning disabilities. J Psychoeduc Assess 10:59–64CrossRef Prout H, Marcal S, Marcal D (1992) A meta-analysis of self-reported personality characteristics of children and adolescents with learning disabilities. J Psychoeduc Assess 10:59–64CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Butler S, Marsh H, Sheppard M, Sheppard J (1985) Seven-year longitudinal study of the early prediction of reading achievement. J Educ Psychol 77:349–361CrossRef Butler S, Marsh H, Sheppard M, Sheppard J (1985) Seven-year longitudinal study of the early prediction of reading achievement. J Educ Psychol 77:349–361CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Scarborough H (1998) Predicting the future achievement of second graders with reading disabilities: contributions of phonemic awareness, verbal memory, rapid naming, and IQ. Ann Dyslexia 48:115–136CrossRef Scarborough H (1998) Predicting the future achievement of second graders with reading disabilities: contributions of phonemic awareness, verbal memory, rapid naming, and IQ. Ann Dyslexia 48:115–136CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Torgesen J, Wagner R, Rashotte C (1994) Longitudinal studies of phonological processing and reading. J Learn Disabil 27:276–286PubMedCrossRef Torgesen J, Wagner R, Rashotte C (1994) Longitudinal studies of phonological processing and reading. J Learn Disabil 27:276–286PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Bryan T, Burstein K, Ergul C (2004) The socio-emotional side of learning disabilities: a science-based presentation of the state of the art. Learn Disabil Q 27:45–51CrossRef Bryan T, Burstein K, Ergul C (2004) The socio-emotional side of learning disabilities: a science-based presentation of the state of the art. Learn Disabil Q 27:45–51CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Fincham FD, Hokoda A, Sanders R (1989) Learned helplessness, test anxiety, and academic achievement: a longitudinal analysis. Child Dev 60:138–145PubMedCrossRef Fincham FD, Hokoda A, Sanders R (1989) Learned helplessness, test anxiety, and academic achievement: a longitudinal analysis. Child Dev 60:138–145PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Everson HT, Smodlaka I, Tobias S (1994) Exploring the relationship of test anxiety and metacognition on reading test performance: a cognitive analysis. Anxiety Stress Coping 7:85–96CrossRef Everson HT, Smodlaka I, Tobias S (1994) Exploring the relationship of test anxiety and metacognition on reading test performance: a cognitive analysis. Anxiety Stress Coping 7:85–96CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Ialongo N, Edelsohn G, Werthamer-Larsson L, Crockett L, Kellam S (1994) The significance of self-reported anxious symptoms in first-grade children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 22:441–455PubMedCrossRef Ialongo N, Edelsohn G, Werthamer-Larsson L, Crockett L, Kellam S (1994) The significance of self-reported anxious symptoms in first-grade children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 22:441–455PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Hill KT (1984) Debilitating motivation and testing: a major educational problem, possible solutions, and policy applications. In: Ames R, Ames C (eds) Research on motivation in education: student motivation, vol 1. Academic Press, New York, pp 245–274 Hill KT (1984) Debilitating motivation and testing: a major educational problem, possible solutions, and policy applications. In: Ames R, Ames C (eds) Research on motivation in education: student motivation, vol 1. Academic Press, New York, pp 245–274
30.
go back to reference Tobias S (1979) Anxiety research in educational psychology. J Educ Psychol 71:573–582CrossRef Tobias S (1979) Anxiety research in educational psychology. J Educ Psychol 71:573–582CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Whitman P, Leitenberg H (1990) Negatively biased recall in children with self-reported symptoms of depression. J Abnorm Child Psychol 18:15–27PubMedCrossRef Whitman P, Leitenberg H (1990) Negatively biased recall in children with self-reported symptoms of depression. J Abnorm Child Psychol 18:15–27PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Normandeau S, Guay F (1998) Preschool behavior and first-grade school achievement: the mediational role of cognitive self-control. J Educ Psychol 90:111–121CrossRef Normandeau S, Guay F (1998) Preschool behavior and first-grade school achievement: the mediational role of cognitive self-control. J Educ Psychol 90:111–121CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Bryan JH, Sonnefeld LJ, Grabowski B (1983) The relationship between fear of failure and learning disabilities. Learn Disabil Q 6:217–222CrossRef Bryan JH, Sonnefeld LJ, Grabowski B (1983) The relationship between fear of failure and learning disabilities. Learn Disabil Q 6:217–222CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Ensminger ME, Kellam SG, Rubin BR (1983) School and family origins of delinquency: comparisons by sex. In: Van Dusen KT, Mednick SA (eds) Prospective studies of crime and delinquency. Kluwer-Nikhoff Publishing, Boston, pp 73–97CrossRef Ensminger ME, Kellam SG, Rubin BR (1983) School and family origins of delinquency: comparisons by sex. In: Van Dusen KT, Mednick SA (eds) Prospective studies of crime and delinquency. Kluwer-Nikhoff Publishing, Boston, pp 73–97CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Carroll JM, Maughan B, Goodman R, Meltzer H (2005) Literacy difficulties and psychiatric disorders: evidence for comorbidity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46:524–532PubMedCrossRef Carroll JM, Maughan B, Goodman R, Meltzer H (2005) Literacy difficulties and psychiatric disorders: evidence for comorbidity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46:524–532PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Goldston DB, Walsh A, Arnold EM, Reboussin B, Daniel SS, Erklani A et al (2007) Reading problems, psychiatric disorders, and functional impairment from mid- to late adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46:25–32PubMedCrossRef Goldston DB, Walsh A, Arnold EM, Reboussin B, Daniel SS, Erklani A et al (2007) Reading problems, psychiatric disorders, and functional impairment from mid- to late adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46:25–32PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Dolan LJ, Kellam SG, Brown CH, Werthamer-Larsson L, Rebok GW, Mayer LS, Laudolff J et al (1993) The short-term impact of two classroom-based preventive interventions on aggressive and shy behaviors and poor achievement. J Appl Dev Psychol 14:317–345CrossRef Dolan LJ, Kellam SG, Brown CH, Werthamer-Larsson L, Rebok GW, Mayer LS, Laudolff J et al (1993) The short-term impact of two classroom-based preventive interventions on aggressive and shy behaviors and poor achievement. J Appl Dev Psychol 14:317–345CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Ialongo NS, Werthamer L, Kellam SG, Brown CH, Wang S, Lin Y (1999) Proximal impact of two first-grade preventive interventions on the early risk behaviors for later substance abuse, depression, and antisocial behavior. Am J Community Psychol 27:599–641PubMedCrossRef Ialongo NS, Werthamer L, Kellam SG, Brown CH, Wang S, Lin Y (1999) Proximal impact of two first-grade preventive interventions on the early risk behaviors for later substance abuse, depression, and antisocial behavior. Am J Community Psychol 27:599–641PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Kellam S, Rebok G, Mayer L, Ialongo N (1994) Depressive symptoms over first grade and their response to a developmental epidemiologically based preventive trial aimed at improving achievement. Dev Psychopathol 6:463–481CrossRef Kellam S, Rebok G, Mayer L, Ialongo N (1994) Depressive symptoms over first grade and their response to a developmental epidemiologically based preventive trial aimed at improving achievement. Dev Psychopathol 6:463–481CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Denton CA, Cirino PT, Barth AE, Romain M, Vaughn S, Wexler J, Francis DJ, Fletcher JM (in press) An experimental study of scheduling and duration of ‘Tier 2’ first grade reading intervention. J Res Educ Eff Denton CA, Cirino PT, Barth AE, Romain M, Vaughn S, Wexler J, Francis DJ, Fletcher JM (in press) An experimental study of scheduling and duration of ‘Tier 2’ first grade reading intervention. J Res Educ Eff
41.
go back to reference March J (1997) Multidimensional anxiety scale for children. Multi-Health Systems Inc, North Tonawanda March J (1997) Multidimensional anxiety scale for children. Multi-Health Systems Inc, North Tonawanda
42.
go back to reference March JS, Parker JDA, Sullivan K, Stallings P, Conners CK (1997) The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): factor structure, reliability, and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:554–565PubMedCrossRef March JS, Parker JDA, Sullivan K, Stallings P, Conners CK (1997) The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): factor structure, reliability, and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:554–565PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Grills-Taquechel AE, Ollendick TH, Fisak B (2008) Re-examination of the MASC factor structure and discriminant ability in a mixed clinical outpatient sample. Depress Anxiety 25:942–950PubMedCrossRef Grills-Taquechel AE, Ollendick TH, Fisak B (2008) Re-examination of the MASC factor structure and discriminant ability in a mixed clinical outpatient sample. Depress Anxiety 25:942–950PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Thaler NS, Kazemi E, Wood JJ (2010) Measuring anxiety in youth with learning disabilities: reliability and validity of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC). Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 41:501–514PubMedCrossRef Thaler NS, Kazemi E, Wood JJ (2010) Measuring anxiety in youth with learning disabilities: reliability and validity of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC). Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 41:501–514PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Bernstein G, Layne A, Egan E, Tennison D (2005) School-based interventions for anxious children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44:1118–1127PubMedCrossRef Bernstein G, Layne A, Egan E, Tennison D (2005) School-based interventions for anxious children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44:1118–1127PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Meuret A, Ehrenreich J, Pincus D, Ritz T (2006) Prevalence and correlates of asthma in children with internalizing psychopathology. Depress Anxiety 23:502–508PubMedCrossRef Meuret A, Ehrenreich J, Pincus D, Ritz T (2006) Prevalence and correlates of asthma in children with internalizing psychopathology. Depress Anxiety 23:502–508PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Saxe G, Stoddard F, Hall E, Chawla N, Lopez C, Sheridan R et al (2005) Pathways to PTSD, part I. Am J Psychiatry 162:1299–1304PubMedCrossRef Saxe G, Stoddard F, Hall E, Chawla N, Lopez C, Sheridan R et al (2005) Pathways to PTSD, part I. Am J Psychiatry 162:1299–1304PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Suveg C, Kendall P, Comer J, Robin J (2006) Emotion-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxious youth: a multiple-baseline evaluation. J Contemp Psychother 36:77–85CrossRef Suveg C, Kendall P, Comer J, Robin J (2006) Emotion-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxious youth: a multiple-baseline evaluation. J Contemp Psychother 36:77–85CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Woodcock RW, McGrew KS, Mather N (2001) Woodcock-Johnson III tests of achievement. Riverside, Itasca Woodcock RW, McGrew KS, Mather N (2001) Woodcock-Johnson III tests of achievement. Riverside, Itasca
50.
go back to reference Fletcher JM, Lyon GR, Fuchs LS, Barnes MA (eds) (2007) Learning disabilities: from identification to intervention. Guilford Press, New York Fletcher JM, Lyon GR, Fuchs LS, Barnes MA (eds) (2007) Learning disabilities: from identification to intervention. Guilford Press, New York
51.
go back to reference Torgesen JK (2000) Individual responses in response to early interventions in reading: the lingering problem of treatment resisters. Learn Disabil Res Pract 15:55–64CrossRef Torgesen JK (2000) Individual responses in response to early interventions in reading: the lingering problem of treatment resisters. Learn Disabil Res Pract 15:55–64CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Mathes PG, Torgesen JK (2008) Continuous monitoring of early reading skills. Istation, Dallas Mathes PG, Torgesen JK (2008) Continuous monitoring of early reading skills. Istation, Dallas
53.
go back to reference Holmbeck GN (2002) Post-hoc probing of significant moderational and mediational effects in studies of pediatric populations. J Pediatr Psychol 27:87–96PubMedCrossRef Holmbeck GN (2002) Post-hoc probing of significant moderational and mediational effects in studies of pediatric populations. J Pediatr Psychol 27:87–96PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Seligman LD, Ollendick TH (1999) Anxiety disorders. In: Steinhausen HC, Verhulst F (eds) Risks and outcomes in developmental psychopathology. Oxford University Press, Oxford Seligman LD, Ollendick TH (1999) Anxiety disorders. In: Steinhausen HC, Verhulst F (eds) Risks and outcomes in developmental psychopathology. Oxford University Press, Oxford
55.
go back to reference Eisen AR, Brien LK, Bowers J, Strudler A (2001) Separation anxiety disorder. In: Essau CA, Petermann F (eds) Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. Harwood Academic Publishers, London Eisen AR, Brien LK, Bowers J, Strudler A (2001) Separation anxiety disorder. In: Essau CA, Petermann F (eds) Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. Harwood Academic Publishers, London
56.
go back to reference Yerkes RM, Dodson JD (1908) The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. J Comp Neurol Psychol 18:459–482CrossRef Yerkes RM, Dodson JD (1908) The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. J Comp Neurol Psychol 18:459–482CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Tsui JM, Mazzocco M (2007) Effects of math anxiety and perfectionism on timed versus untimed math testing in mathematically gifted sixth graders. Roeper Rev 29:132–139PubMedCrossRef Tsui JM, Mazzocco M (2007) Effects of math anxiety and perfectionism on timed versus untimed math testing in mathematically gifted sixth graders. Roeper Rev 29:132–139PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Ollendick TH, Grills AE, Alexander KL (2001) Fears, worries, and anxiety in children and adolescents. In: Essau CA, Petermann F (eds) Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. Harwood Academic Publishers, London Ollendick TH, Grills AE, Alexander KL (2001) Fears, worries, and anxiety in children and adolescents. In: Essau CA, Petermann F (eds) Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. Harwood Academic Publishers, London
59.
go back to reference Cohen J (1988) Statistical power for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edn. Erlbaum, Hillsdale Cohen J (1988) Statistical power for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edn. Erlbaum, Hillsdale
60.
go back to reference Essau CA, Petermann F (2001) Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. Harwood Academic Publishers, London Essau CA, Petermann F (2001) Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. Harwood Academic Publishers, London
Metagegevens
Titel
Anxiety and Reading Difficulties in Early Elementary School: Evidence for Unidirectional- or Bi-Directional Relations?
Auteurs
Amie E. Grills-Taquechel
Jack M. Fletcher
Sharon R. Vaughn
Karla K. Stuebing
Publicatiedatum
01-02-2012
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Child Psychiatry & Human Development / Uitgave 1/2012
Print ISSN: 0009-398X
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3327
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-011-0246-1

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2012

Child Psychiatry & Human Development 1/2012 Naar de uitgave