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Understanding Depression in Adolescents: A Dynamic Psychosocial Web of Risk and Protective Factors

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Abstract

Background

Adolescent depression has been recognized as a complex problem that presents a global public health challenge. Left undetected and untreated, depression can significantly reduce quality of life.

Objective

The main purpose of this paper is to re-visit risk and protective factors for depression in adolescents with a specific focus on exploring the individual, familial, and social contexts of depression (especially high and very high depression levels) in a multi-country sample of youth in order to see if these factors are mitigated by cultural location.

Methods

Questionnaire data from a cross-sectional study of a randomly selected sample of 5149 middle-school students from four EU-countries (Austria, Germany, Slovenia, and Spain) was used. Applying variance analysis, we examined the prediction strength for the observed risk and protective factors.

Results

In all participating countries we show that in for both male and female adolescents, depression is linked to a broad range of interactive individual, and social protective and risk factors, such that even if the contribution of a single factor is low but still significant and this factor’s prediction strength is low or moderate, taken together, the cumulative prediction strength of these factors yields a remarkably similar coefficient of determination of 42–49% in all samples.

Conclusions

We have established a significant and relevant combination of the individual and social multifactorial risk and protective factors that characterize depression in adolescents of both genders, no matter their country of location and with that, we call for a multifaceted and comprehensive approach to mental health assessment, prevention and intervention.

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Funding

This study (STAMINA: “Formation of non-violent behaviour in school and during leisure time among young adults from violent families”) has been funded since 2009–2011 by the EC Daphne III Programme whose stated purpose is to combat all forms of violence against children, young people and women (Project-number: JLS/2007/DAP-1/134 30-CE-02280 90/00-40). The STAMINA Project was additionally funded by the German Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth and the Styrian Provincial Department for Social Affairs.

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Kassis, W., Artz, S. & White, J. Understanding Depression in Adolescents: A Dynamic Psychosocial Web of Risk and Protective Factors. Child Youth Care Forum 46, 721–743 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-017-9404-3

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