Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Social Bonds and School Bullying: A Study of Macanese Male Adolescents on Bullying Perpetration and Peer Victimization

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Child & Youth Care Forum Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

School bullying research on Macanese adolescents is limited. Macau is a Special Administrative Region of China with over 95 % of the population is of Chinese descent. Yet, Macanese people are under substantial Western influences.

Objective

Using a two male-only school sample of 365 participants aged between 10 and 17 years, this study explores the role of different social bonds, as theorized in Hirschi’s (Causes of delinquency. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1969) social control theory, in bullying perpetration and peer victimization at school.

Methods

The participants’ bullying behaviors (i.e., bullying perpetration and peer victimization) and social bonds are measured using the University of Illinois Bully Scale and Victimization Scale, and Chapple et al.’s Social Bonding Scale.

Results

Overall, school bullying behaviors are positively related to theft and violent delinquency. Particularly, bullying perpetration is negatively correlated with different social bonds. Multivariate analyses indicate that an increase in age and organizational involvement, but a decrease in educational commitment and belief in the legal system are likely to increase the tendency to engage in bullying perpetration. Conversely, a decrease in age and the presence of paternal criminality are significantly related to being victimized at school.

Conclusions

Several implications for social service, from a social bonding perspective, are suggested by way to reduce the propensity to engage in bullying behaviors, particularly bullying perpetration at school.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alarid, L. F., Burton, V. S., Jr, & Cullen, F. T. (2000). Gender and crime among felony offenders: Assessing the generality of social control and differential association theories. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 37(2), 171–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, B. J., Holmes, M. D., & Ostresh, E. (1999). Male and female delinquents’ attachments and effects of attachments on severity of self-reported delinquency. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26(4), 435–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ando, M., Asakura, T., & Simons-Morton, B. (2005). Psychosocial influences on psychical, verbal, and indirect bullying among Japanese early adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25(3), 268–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Begg, D. J., Langley, J. D., Moffitt, T. E., & Marshall, S. W. (1996). Sports and delinquency: An examination of the deterrence hypothesis in a longitudinal study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 30, 335–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berrero, M. (2001). The widening mistrust between youth and police. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 82(4), 399–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, J. A., Farrell, A., & Varano, S. P. (2008). Social control, serious delinquency, and risky behavior: A gendered analysis. Crime and Delinquency, 54(3), 423–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borntrager, C., Davis, J. L., Bernstein, A., & Gorman, H. (2009). A cross-national perspective on bullying. Child & Youth Care Forum, 38, 121–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catalano, R. F., Haggerty, K. P., Oesterle, S., Fleming, C. B., & Hawkins, J. D. (2004). The importance of bonding to school for healthy development: Findings from the Social Development Research Group. Journal of School Health, 74(7), 252–261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, H. C., & Chui, W. H. (2012). Psychological correlates of violent and nonviolent Hong Kong juvenile probationers. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 30(2), 103–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, H. C., & Frei, A. (2013). Female sexual homicide offenders: An examination of an underresearched offender population. Homicide Studies, 17(1), 96–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, H. C., & Heide, K. M. (2008). Weapons used by juveniles and adult offenders in sexual homicides: An empirical analysis of 29 years of US data. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 5(3), 189–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, H. C., & Heide, K. M. (2009). Sexual homicide: A synthesis of the literature. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 10(1), 31–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, H. C., Heide, K. M., & Myers, W. C. (2013). Juvenile and adult offenders arrested for sexual homicide: An analysis of victim–offender relationship and weapon used by race. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58(1), 85–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, H. C., Myers, W. C., & Heide, K. M. (2010). An empirical analysis of 30 years of U.S. juvenile and adult sexual homicide offender data: Race and age differences in the victim–offender relationship. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55(5), 1282–1290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapple, C. L., McQuillan, J. A., & Berdahl, T. A. (2005). Gender, social bonds, and delinquency: A comparison of boys’ and girls’ models. Social Science Research, 34, 357–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X. (2009). The link between juvenile offending and victimization: The influence of risky lifestyles, social bonding, and individual characteristics. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 7, 119–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J.-K., & Astor, R. A. (2009). The perpetration of school violence in Taiwan: An analysis of gender, grade level, and school type. School Psychology International, 30(6), 568–584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J.-K., & Astor, R. A. (2010). School violence in Taiwan: Examining how Western risk factors predict school violence in an Asian culture. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(8), 1388–1410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., Rubin, K. H., & Li, Z. (1995). Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 31, 531–539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S. P., & Yue, G. A. (2002). Survey on bullying behavior of primary school and middle school students [in Chinese]. Science and Mental Health, 25(3), 355–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, Y.-Y., Chen, L.-M., Ho, H.-C., & Cheng, C.-L. (2011). Definitions of school bullying in Taiwan: A comparison of multiple perspectives. School Psychology International, 32(3), 227–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, Y., Newman, I. M., Qu, M., Mbulo, L., Chai, Y., Chen, Y., et al. (2010). Being bullied and psychosocial adjustment among middle schools students in China. Journal of School Health, 80(4), 193–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chi, G. B., Chen, H. Z., & Wang, S. Y. (2007). Epidemiological investigation and analysis of influencing factors of campus violence in secondary schools. Chinese Journal of Disease Control and Prevention, 11, 250–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chui, W. H., & Chan, H. C. (2011). Social bonds and male juvenile delinquency while on probation: An exploratory test in Hong Kong. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(11), 2329–2334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chui, W. H., & Chan, H. C. (2012a). An empirical investigation of social bonds and juvenile delinquency in Hong Kong. Child & Youth Care Forum, 41(4), 371–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chui, W. H., & Chan, H. C. (2012b). Criminal recidivism among Hong Kong male juvenile probationers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(5), 857–868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chui, W. H., & Chan, H. C. (2013a). Association between self-control and school bullying behaviors among Macanese adolescents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37(4), 237–242.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chui, W. H., & Chan, H. C. (2013b). Psychological characteristics of male 14- to 20-year-olds on probation and in a residential home in Hong Kong. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 23(1), 41–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chui, W. H., & Chan, H. C. (2013c). Juvenile offenders’ perceptions of probation officers as social workers in Hong Kong. Journal of Social Work,. doi:10.1177/1468017313478291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chui, W. H., & Ip, L. R. (2005). Policing in a multicultural society: A Queensland case study. Police Practice and Research, 6(3), 279–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, W. M. (1998). The relationship among bullying, victimization, depression, anxiety and aggression in elementary school children. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 123–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuevas, C. A., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., & Ormrod, R. K. (2007). Juvenile delinquency and victimization: A theoretical typology. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 1581–1602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, N. J. (2007). Level of bonding to school and perception of the school environment by bullies, victims, and bully victims. Journal of Early Adolescence, 27(4), 457–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Li, S. (1999). Social control, delinquency, and youth status development: A development approach. Sociological Perspectives, 42, 305–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eslea, M., Menesini, E., Morita, Y., O’Moore, M., Mora-Merchán, J. A., Pereira, B., et al. (2004). Friendship and loneliness among bullies and victims: Data from seven countries. Aggressive Behavior, 30(1), 71–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Espelage, D. L., & Holt, M. K. (2001). Bullying and victimization during early adolescence: Peer influences and psychosocial correlates. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2, 123–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Espelage, D. L., Holt, M. K., & Henkel, R. R. (2003). Examination of peer-group contextual effects on aggression during early adolescence. Child Development, 74(1), 205–220.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Espelage, D. L., & Swearer, S. M. (2003). Research on school bullying and victimization: What have we learned and where do we go from here? School Psychology Review, 32(3), 365–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fonagy, P., Twemlow, S. W., Vernberg, E., Sacco, F. C., & Little, T. D. (2005). Creating a peaceful school learning environment: The impact of an antibullying program on educational attainment in elementary schools. Medical Science Monitor, 11, 317–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furlong, M. J., & Morrison, G. M. (1994). Introduction to miniseries: School violence and safety in perspective. School Psychology Review, 23, 139–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garbarino, J. (2006). See Jane hit: Why girls are growing more violent and what can be done about it. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gendron, B. P., Williams, K. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2011). An analysis of bullying among students within schools: Estimating the effects of individual normative beliefs, self-esteem, and school climate. Journal of School Violence, 10(2), 150–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, Q.-Z., Ma, W.-J., Nie, S.-P., Xu, Y.-J., Xu, H.-F., & Zhang, Y.-R. (2010). Relationships between weight status and bullying victimization among school-aged adolescents in Guangdong Province of China. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 23, 108–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawker, D. S. J., & Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 441–455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J. D., Guo, J., Hill, K. G., Battin-Pearson, S., & Abbott, R. D. (2001). Long-term effects of the social development intervention on school bonding trajectories. Applied Developmental Science, 5(4), 225–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T., Eitel, P., Crump, A. D., Saylor, K., Yu, K., et al. (2001). Bullies, victims, and bully/victims: Distinct groups of at-risk youth. Journal of Early Adolescence, 21(1), 29–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hazemba, A., Siziya, S., Muula, A. S., & Rudatsikira, E. (2008). Prevalence and correlated of being bullied among in-school adolescents in Beijing: Results from the 2003 Beijing Global School-based Health Survey. Annals of General Psychiatry, 7, 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hokoda, A., Lu, H.-A., & Angeles, M. (2006). School bullying in Taiwanese adolescents. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 6(4), 69–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, M. K., Kantor, G. K., & Finkelhor, D. (2009). Parent/child concordance about bullying involvement and family characteristics related to bullying and peer victimization. Journal of School Violence, 8(1), 42–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, S. J. (2002). The effects of family, school, peers, and attitudes on adolescents’ drug use: Do they vary with age? Justice Quarterly, 19(1), 97–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, P. H. (1997). School delinquency and the school social bond. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 337–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, W. G., Higgins, G. E., Tewksbury, R., Gover, A. R., & Piquero, A. R. (2010). A longitudinal assessment of the victim–offender overlap. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 2147–2174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rimpela, M., Rantanen, P., & Rimpela, A. (2000). Bullying at school—an indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 661–674.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khatri, P., Kupersmidt, J. B., & Patterson, C. (2000). Aggression and peer victimization as predictors of self-reported behavioral and emotional adjustment. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 345–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumpulainen, K., & Rasanen, E. (2000). Children involved in bullying at elementary school age: Their psychiatric symptoms and deviance in adolescence: An epidemiological sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 1567–1577.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laundra, K. H., Kiger, G., & Bahr, S. J. (2002). A social development model of serious delinquency: Examining gender differences. Journal of Primary Prevention, 22, 389–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeBlanc, M., Vallieres, E., & McDuff, P. (1993). The prediction of males’ adolescent and adult offending from school experience. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 35, 459–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, S., McPherson, M. C., Aslam, H., McKeever, P., & Wright, V. (2013). Exploring children’s perceptions of two school-based social inclusion programs: A pilot study. Child & Youth Care Forum, 42(1), 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K. M. (2006). The impact of parental incarceration on children: An emerging need for effective interventions. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 23(4), 472–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. H., Esbensen, F., & Freng, A. (1999). Parental attachment, parental supervision, and adolescent deviance in intact and non-intact families. Journal of Crime and Justice, 22, 1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morita, Y., Soeda, H., Soeda, K., & Taki, M. (1999). Japan. In P. K. Smith, Y. Morita, J. Junger-Tas, D. Olweus, R. Catalano, & P. Slee (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp. 310–323). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2005). Parental imprisonment: Effects on boys’ antisocial behavior and delinquency through the life-course. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(12), 1269–1278.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, W. C., & Chan, H. C. (2012). Juvenile homosexual homicide. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 30(2), 90–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E. (1999). Trajectories of boys’ physical aggression, opposition, and hyperactivity on the path to physically violence and nonviolent juvenile delinquency. Child Development, 70, 1181–1196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nansel, T., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R., Ruan, W., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of American Medical Association, 285, 2094–2100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, J. W. Y., & Tsang, S. K. M. (2008). School bullying and the mental health of junior secondary school students in Hong Kong. Journal of School Violence, 7(2), 3–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishina, A., Juvonen, J., & Witkow, M. R. (2005). Sticks and stones may break my bones, but names will make me sick: The psychosocial, somatic, and scholastic consequences of peer harassment. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 37–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D. (1978). Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D., Limber, S., & Mihalic, S. F. (1999). Blueprints for violence prevention, book nine: Bullying prevention program. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Moore, A. M., & Kirkham, C. (2001). Self-esteem and its relationship to bullying behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 27, 269–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, D. W., Wilson, J. K., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Johnston, L. D. (1996). Routine activities and individual deviant behavior. American Sociological Review, 61, 635–655.

    Google Scholar 

  • Özbay, Ö., & Özcan, Y. Z. (2006). A test of Hirschi’s social bonding theory: Juvenile delinquency in the high school of Ankara, Turkey. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50(6), 711–726.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Özbay, Ö., & Özcan, Y. Z. (2008). A test of Hirschi’s social bonding theory: A comparison of male and female delinquency. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52(2), 134–157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pabon, E., Rodriguez, O., & Gurin, G. (1992). Clarifying peer relations and delinquency. Youth and Society, 24, 149–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, A. D. (1999). Bullies and victims in school: A review and call for research. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 19, 165–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, A. D. (2001). A longitudinal study of heterosexual relationships, aggression, and sexual harassment during the transition from primary school through middle school. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 151–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, A. D., & Bartini, M. (2000). A longitudinal study of bullying, victimization, and peer affiliation during the transition from primary school to middle school. American Educational Research Journal, 37(3), 699–725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, A. W., & Bierman, K. L. (1999). Predicting adolescent peer problems and antisocial activities: The relative roles of aggression and dysregulation. Developmental Psychology, 35, 335–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Popp, A. M., & Peguero, A. A. (2012). Social bonds and the role of school-based victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(17), 3366–3388.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rigby, K. (1994). Psychosocial functioning in families of Australian adolescent children involved in bully/victim problems. Journal of Family Therapy, 16, 173–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rigby, K., & Slee, P. (1993). Dimensions of interpersonal relation among Australian children and implications for psychological wellbeing. Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 33–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roland, E. (2000). Bullying in school: Three national innovations in Norwegian schools in 15 years. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 135–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, K. H., Chen, X., & Hymel, S. (1993). Socio-emotional characteristics of aggressive and withdrawn children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 518–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakamaki, S. (1996). Fates worse than death. Far Eastern Economic Review, 159, 38–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D., Chang, L., & Farver, J. M. (2001). Correlates of victimization in Chinese children’s peer groups. Developmental Psychology, 37, 520–532.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sechrest, L., Fay, T. L., & Hafeez Zaidi, S. M. (1972). Problems of translation in cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 3(1), 41–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the use, misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach’s alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 107–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simons-Morton, B. G., Crump, A. D., Haynie, D. L., & Saylor, K. E. (1998). Student-school bonding and adolescent problem behavior. Health Education Research, 14, 99–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. K., Ananiadou, K., & Cowie, H. (2003). Interventions to reduce school bullying. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(9), 591–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M. A., & Kantor, G. K. (2005). Definition and measurement of neglectful behavior: Some principles and guidelines. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29, 19–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Streiner, D. L., & Norman, D. L. (1989). Health measurement scales: A practical guide to their development and use. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swearer, S. M., Song, S. Y., Cary, P. T., Eagle, J. W., & Mickelson, W. T. (2001). Psychosocial correlates in bullying and victimization: The relationship between depression, anxiety, and bully/victim status. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2, 95–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terranova, A. M. (2009). Factors that influence children’s responses to peer victimization. Child & Youth Care Forum, 38, 253–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terranova, A. M., Harris, J., Kavetski, M., & Oates, R. (2011). Responding to peer victimization: A sense of control matters. Child & Youth Care Forum, 40, 419–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornberg, R., & Knutsen, S. (2011). Teenagers’ explanations of bullying. Child & Youth Care Forum, 40, 177–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornberg, R., Rosenqvist, R., & Johansson, P. (2012). Older teenagers’ explanations of bullying. Child & Youth Care Forum, 41, 327–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unnever, J. D. (2005). Bullies, aggressive victims, and victims: Are they distinct groups? Aggressive Behavior, 31, 153–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unnever, J. D., & Cornell, D. G. (2004). Middle school victims of bullying: Who reports being bullied. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 373–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, F. M., Chen, J. Q., Xiao, W. Q., Ma, Y. T., & Zhang, M. (2012). Peer physical aggression and its association with aggressive beliefs, empathy, self-control, and cooperation skills among students in a rural town in China. Journal of Interpersonal Violence,. doi:10.1177/0886260512441256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S. Y., & Tamis-Lemonda, C. S. (2003). Do child-rearing values in Taiwan and the United States reflect cultural values of collectivism and individualism? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(6), 629–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, H.-S., Jonson-Reid, M., & Tsao, H.-L. (2007). Bullying and victimization among Taiwanese 7th graders: A multi-method assessment. School Psychology International, 28(4), 479–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, H.-S., Williams, J. H., Chen, J.-K., & Chang, H.-Y. (2010). The effects of individual characteristics, teacher practice, and school organizational factors on students’ bullying: A multilevel analysis of public middle schools in Taiwan. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 137–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, D. S. W. (2004). School bullying and tackling strategies in Hong Kong. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48, 537–553.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, D. S. W., Cheng, C. H. K., & Ma, S. K. (2010). Program effectiveness of whole-school approach for tackling bullying in Hong Kong primary schools. Educational Research Journal, 25(1), 103–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, D. S. W., & Lo, T. W. (2002). School bullying in secondary schools: Teachers’ perceptions and tackling strategies. Educational Research Journal, 17(2), 253–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, D. S. W., Lok, P. P., Lo, T. W., & Ma, S. K. (2002). A study of school bullying in primary schools in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, D. S. W., Lok, P. P., Lo, T. W., & Ma, S. K. (2008). School bullying among Hong Kong Chinese primary schoolchildren. Youth and Society, 40(1), 35–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. P., Cullen, F. T., & Miller, J. T. (2001). Family social capital and delinquent involvement. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wynne, S. L., & Joo, H. (2011). Predictors of school victimization: Individual, familial, and school factors. Crime and Delinquency, 57(3), 458–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoneyama, S. (1999). The Japanese high school: Silence and resistance. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoneyama, S., & Naito, A. (2003). Problems with the paradigm: The school as a factor in understanding bullying (with special reference to Japan). British Journal of Sociology of Education, 24(3), 315–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youniss, J., Yates, M., & Su, Y. (1997). Social integration, community service and marijuana use in high school seniors. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12(2), 245–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, W., Gu, C., Wang, M., & Wang, Y. (2000). Gender differences in bullying and victimization among primary and junior middle school pupils [in Chinese]. Chinese Journal of Psychological Science, 23, 435–439.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR

    Heng Choon Oliver Chan

  2. Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR

    Wing Hong Chui

Authors
  1. Heng Choon Oliver Chan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wing Hong Chui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heng Choon Oliver Chan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chan, H.C.O., Chui, W.H. Social Bonds and School Bullying: A Study of Macanese Male Adolescents on Bullying Perpetration and Peer Victimization. Child Youth Care Forum 42, 599–616 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-013-9221-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-013-9221-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation