Abstract
This study reports changes in the positive psychology construct of hope resulting from adolescents’ participation in a 6 week summer camp devoted to developing dance and psychosocial competence skills. Over 5 years, the inner-city camp participants were selected from substantial at-risk situations. Significant positive changes in overall hope were observed pre and post camp with no further changes observed in a 4 month follow-up. Possible contributions to the increase and maintenance of higher hopeful thinking, specific to an inner-city population, are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson-Butcher, D., Cash, S. J., Saltzburg, S., Midle, T., & Pace, D. (2004). Institutions of youth development: The significance of supportive staff-youth relationships. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 9, 83–99. doi:10.1300/J137v09n01_07.
Apter, S. J. (1977). Therapeutic camping: An alternative strategy for troubled children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 6, 73–75. doi:10.1080/15374417709532790.
Brandt, R., Ward, C. L., Dawes, A., & Flisher, A. J. (2005). Epidemiological measurement of children’s and adolescent’s exposure to community violence: Working with the current state of the science. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 327–342. doi:10.1007/s10567-005-8811-4.
Brener, N. D., Kann, L., McManus, T., Kinchen, S. A., Sundberg, E. C., & Ross, J. G. (2002). Reliability of the 1999 youth risk behavior survey questionnaire. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31, 336–342. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00339-7.
Brown, K. J. (2004). Therapeutic camping programs. In R. G. Steele & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Handbook of mental health services for children, adolescents, and families (pp. 305–315). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/0-387-23864-6_20.
Brown Kirschman, K. J., Johnson, R. J., & Roberts, M. C. (2009). Positive psychology for children. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed., pp. 133–148). New York, NY: Oxford.
Buka, S. L., Stichick, T. L., Birdthistle, I., & Earls, F. J. (2001). Youth exposure to violence: Prevalence, risks, and consequences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 298–310. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.71.3.298.
Caminis, A., Henrich, C., Ruchkin, V., Schwab-Stone, M., & Martin, A. (2007). Psychosocial predictors of sexual inhibition and high-risk sexual behaviors in early adolescence. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 1, 1–14. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-1-14.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). Youth risk behavior surveillance system. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/yrbss.
Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 837–844. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837.
Cowen, E. L. (1991). In pursuit of wellness. American Psychologist, 46, 404–408. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.404.
Dryfoos, J. G. (2000). Safe passage: Making it through adolescence in a risky society. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Durlak, J. (1998). Common risk and protective factors in successful prevention programs. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68, 512–520. doi:10.1037/h0080360.
Eaton, D. K., Kann, L., Kinchen, K., Shanklin, S., Ross, J., Hawkins, J., et al. (2008). Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57, 1–131.
Farmer, T. W., Price, L. N., O’Neal, K. K., Leung, M. C., Goforth, J. B., Cairns, B. D., et al. (2004). Exploring risk in early adolescent African American youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33, 51–59. doi:10.1023/B:AJCP.0000014318.16652.30.
Farrell, A. D., Meyer, A. L., & White, K. S. (2001). Evaluation of responding in peaceful and positive ways (RIPP): A school-based prevention program for reducing violence among urban adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 451–463. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3004_02.
Flay, B. R., Graumlich, S., Segawa, E., Burns, J. L., & Holliday, M. Y. (2004). Effects of 2 prevention programs on high-risk behaviors among African American youth. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 158, 377–384. doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.4.377.
Gaba, R. J. (1996). Psychometric properties of the survey of children’s exposure to community violence: Screening version. Doctoral dissertation. Available from Proquest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9637818).
Hagen, K. A., Myers, B. J., & Mackintosh, V. H. (2005). Hope, social support, and behavioral problems in at-risk children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75, 211–219. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.211.
Herrenkohl, T. I., Maguin, E., Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2000). Developmental risk factors for youth violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 26, 176–186. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00065-8.
Hilliard, A. G., I. I. I. (1989). Reintegration for education: Black community involvement with black students in schools. In W. D. Smith & E. W. Chunn (Eds.), Black education: A quest for equity and excellence (pp. 201–208). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Hinton-Nelson, M. D., Roberts, M. C., & Snyder, C. R. (1996). Early adolescents exposed to violence: Hope and vulnerability to victimization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 346–353. doi:10.1037/h0080185.
Johnson, N. G., Roberts, M. C., & Worell, J. (Eds.). (1999). Beyond appearances: A new look at adolescent girls. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Kataoka, S. H., Zhang, L., & Wells, K. B. (2002). Unmet need for mental health care among U.S. children: Variation by ethnicity and insurance status. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1548–1555. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1548.
Kaufmann, R. K., & Dodge, J. M. (1997). Prevention and early intervention for young children at risk for mental health and substance abuse problems and their families: A background paper. Washington, DC: National Technical Assistance Center for Children’s Mental Health Services.
Knight, G. P., Roosa, M. W., & Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2009). Studying ethnic minority and economically disadvantaged populations. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11887-000.
Leeson, P., Ciarrochi, J., & Heaven, P. C. L. (2008). Cognitive ability, personality, and academic performance in adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 630–635. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.07.006.
Lipina, S. J., & Colombo, J. A. (2009). Poverty and brain development during childhood: An approach from cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11879-000.
Lopez, S. J., Rose, S., Robinson, C., Marques, S. C., & Pais-Ribeiro, J. (2009). Measuring and promoting hope in schoolchildren. In R. Gilman, E. S. Huebner, & M. J. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology in the schools (pp. 37–50). New York, NY: Routledge. doi:10.1002/9781444306002.
Lowry, R., Powell, K. E., Kann, L., Collins, J. L., & Kolbe, L. J. (1998). Weapon-carrying, physical fighting, and fight-related injury among U.S. adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 122–129. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(97)00020-2.
Masi, R., & Cooper, J. L. (2006). Children’s mental health: Facts for policymakers. Retrieved from National Center for Children in Poverty website: http://nccp.org/publications/pub_687.html.
McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53, 185–204. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.185.
Michalski, J. H., Mishna, F., Worthington, C., & Cummings, R. (2003). A multi-method impact evaluation of a therapeutic summer camp program. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 20, 53–76. doi:10.1023/A:1021467503588.
Richters, J. E., & Saltzman, W. (1990). Survey of children’s exposure to community violence: Self-report version. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
Sameroff, A. (2006). Identifying risk and protective factors for healthy child development. In A. Clarke-Stewart & J. Dunn (Eds.), Families count: Effects on child and adolescent development (pp. 53–76). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope: You can get there from here. New York, NY: Free Press.
Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., et al. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual- differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570–585. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570.
Snyder, C. R., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M., et al. (1997). The development and validation of the children’s hope scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22, 399–421. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/22.3.399.
Snyder, C. R., Feldman, D. B., Taylor, J. D., Schroeder, L. L., & Adams, V. H. (2000). The roles of hopeful thinking in preventing problems and enhancing strengths. Applied & Preventive Psychology: Current Scientific Perspectives, 9, 249–269. doi:10.1016/S0962-1849(00)80003-7.
Snyder, C. R., Cheavens, J. S., & Michael, S. T. (2005). Hope theory: History and elaborated model. In J. A. Elliott (Ed.), Interdisciplinary perspectives on hope (pp. 101–118). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.
Stark, K. D., & Boswell, J. (2001). Discussion of the penn optimism program: Recognizing its strengths and considerations for enhancing the program. In J. E. Gillham (Ed.), The science of optimism and hope: Research essays in honor of Martin E. P. Seligman (pp. 235–256). Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.
Thurber, C. A., Scanlin, M. M., Scheuler, L., & Henderson, K. A. (2007). Youth development outcomes of the camp experience: Evidence for multidimensional growth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 241–254. doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9142-6.
Valle, M. F., Huebner, E. S., & Suldo, S. M. (2004). Further evaluation of the children’s hope scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 22, 320–337. doi:10.1177/073428290402200403.
Valle, M. F., Huebner, E. S., & Suldo, S. M. (2006). An analysis of hope as a psychological strength. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 393–406. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2006.03.005.
Whalen, L. G., Grunbaum, J. A., Kinchen, S., McManus, T., Shanklin, S. L., & Kann, L. (2005). Middle school youth risk behavior survey 2003. Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention website: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/yrbs/middleschool2003/pdf/fullreport.pdf.
Willis, D. J. (2002). Introduction to the special issue: Economic, health, and mental health disparities among ethnic minority children and families. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27, 309–314. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/27.4.309.
Wilson, N., Syme, S. L., Boyce, W. T., Battistich, V. A., & Selvin, S. (2005). Adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use: The influence of neighborhood disorder and hope. American Journal of Health Promotion, 20, 11–19.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Kansas City Friends of Alvin Ailey for their support and extend appreciation to the children and their families served by the Aileycamps in Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kirschman, K.J.B., Roberts, M.C., Shadlow, J.O. et al. An Evaluation of Hope Following a Summer Camp for Inner-City Youth. Child Youth Care Forum 39, 385–396 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-010-9119-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-010-9119-1