Abstract
This study evaluated the characteristics related to a successful reintegration among youth from a residential facility. Specifically, this study describes the transition skills of youth at departure in five areas: (a) education and employment goals, (b) self-determination skills, (c) social support, (d) life skills, and (e) hopefulness. Further, self-report and teacher ratings of youths’ self-determination and life skills were examined to determine possible differences in perception between youth and their school and Family Teachers (house-parents). One hundred four youth departing the Boys Town Treatment Family Home residential program participated in the study. The majority of youth reported average to above average skills in the five domains. However, significant differences were found between youth and schoolteacher reports of self-determination skills. The results indicate the need to provide transition services related to success post-discharge, including individualized transition plans and family involvement during treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
Ansell Casey Life Skills Assessment. (2006, September). Retrieved January 19, 2009, from http://www.caseylifeskills.org/pages/assess/assess_benchmark.htm.
Baker, A. J., Olson, D., & Mincer, C. (2000). The way to work: An independent living/aftercare program for high-risk youth. Washington, DC: CWLA Press.
Barth, R. (1990). On their own: The experiences of youth after foster care. Childhood and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 7, 419–440.
Benz, M. R., Lindstrom, L., Unruh, D., & Waintrup, M. (2004). Sustaining secondary transition programs in local schools. Remedial and Special Education, 25, 39–50.
Buehler, C., Orme, J. G., Post, J., & Patterson, D. A. (2000). The long-term correlates of family foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 22, 595–625.
Burks, J. (1995). Edgewood childrens’ center outcome study. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 13, 31–40.
Carter, E. W., Lane, K. L., Pierson, M. R., & Glaeser, B. (2006). Self-determination skills and opportunities of transition-age youth with emotional disturbance and learning disabilities. Exceptional Children, 72, 333–346.
Carter, E. W., Trainor, A. A., Sun, Y., & Owens, L. (2009). Assessing the transition-related strengths and needs of adolescents with high-incidence disabilities. Exceptional Children, 76, 74–94.
Casey Family Programs, & Ansell, D. (1997). Ansell-casey life skills assessment. Available online at: www.caseylifeskills.org.
Child Welfare League of America. (2005a). CWLA’s position on residential care. Residential Group Care Quarterly, 6, 1–3.
Child Welfare League of America. (2005b). The odyssey project: A descriptive and prospective study of children and youth in residential group care and therapeutic foster care. Washington, DC: CWLA Press.
Clark, H. B., & Davis, M. (Eds.). (2000). Transition to adulthood: A resource for assisting young people with emotional or behavioral difficulties. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.
Connor, D. F., Doerfler, L. A., Toscano, P. F., Volungis, A. M., & Steingard, R. J. (2004). Characteristics of children and adolescents admitted to a residential treatment center. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13, 497–510.
Courtney, M. E., & Dworsky, A. (2006). Early outcomes for young adults transitioning from out-of-home care in the USA. Child and Family Social Work, 11, 209–219.
Courtney, M. E., & Heuring, D. H. (2005). The family histories of former foster youth and implications for the transition to adulthood. In D. W. Osgood, E. M. Foster, C. Flanagan, & G. R. Ruth (Eds.), On your own without a net: The transition to adulthood for vulnerable populations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Courtney, M. E., Piliavin, I., Grogan-Kaylor, A., & Nesmith, A. (2001). Foster youth transitions to adulthood: A longitudinal view of youth leaving care. Child Welfare, 6, 685–717.
Curry, J. F. (1991). Outcome research on residential treatment: Implications and suggested directions. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 348–357.
Daining, C., & DePanfilis, D. (2007). Resilience of youth in transition from out-of-home care to adulthood. Children and Youth Services Review, 29, 1158–1178.
Doll, B., & Lyon, M. A. (1998). Risk and resilience: Implications for the delivery of educational and mental health services in schools. School Psychology Review, 27, 348–363.
Dubow, E. F., Tisak, J., Causey, D., Hryshko, A., & Reid, G. (1991). A two-year longitudinal study of stressful life events, social support, and social problem-solving skills: Contributions to children’s behavioral and academic adjustment. Child Development, 62, 583–599.
Dubow, E. F., & Ullman, D. G. (1989). Assessing social support in elementary school children: The survey of children’s social support. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18, 52–62.
Duppong Hurley, K., Trout, A., Chmelka, B., Burns, B. J., Epstein, M., Thompson, R., et al. (2009). The changing mental health needs of youth admitted to residential group home care: Comparing mental health status at admission in 1995 and 2004. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 17, 164–176.
Elliot, D. S., & Menard, S. (1996). Delinquent friends and delinquent behavior: Temporal and developmental patterns. In J. D. Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency and crime: Current theories. Cambridge criminology series (pp. 28–67). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fanshel, D., Finch, S. J., & Grundy, J. F. (1990). Foster children in life course perspective. New York: Columbia University.
Field, S., & Hoffman, A. (2002). Preparing youth to exercise self-determination: Quality indicators of school environments that promote the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and beliefs related to self-determination. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 13, 113–118.
Field, S., Sarver, M. D., & Shaw, S. F. (2003). Self-determination: A key to success in postsecondary education for students with learning disabilities. Remedial and Special Education, 24, 339–349.
Fields, E., Farmer, E. M., Apperson, J., Mustillo, S., & Simmers, D. (2006). Treatment and posttreatment effects of residential treatment using a re-education model. Behavioral Disorders, 31, 312–322.
Frensch, K. M., & Cameron, G. (2002). Treatment of choice or a last resort? A review of residential mental health placements for children and youth. Child & Youth Care Forum, 31, 307–339.
Gagnon, J. C., & Leone, P. E. (2006). Elementary day and residential schools for children with emotional and behavioral disorders: Characteristics of educators and students. Education and Treatment of Children, 29, 51–78.
Gagnon, J. C., & McLaughlin, M. L. (2004). Curriculum, assessment, and accountability in day treatment and residential schools. Exceptional Children, 70, 263–283.
Geenen, S., & Powers, L. E. (2007). Tomorrow is another problem: The experiences of youth in foster care during their transition into adulthood. Children & Youth Services Review, 29, 1085–1101.
Harter, S. (1985). Manual for the social support scale for children. Denver: University of Denver.
Hawkins, R. P., Almeida, M. C., Fabry, B., & Reitz, A. L. (1992). A scale to measure restrictiveness of living environments for troubled children and youths. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 43, 54–58.
Hoza, B., Gerdes, A. C., Hinshaw, S. P., Arnold, L. E., Pelham, W. E., Molina, B. S., et al. (2004). Self-perceptions of competence in children with ADHD and comparison children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 382–391.
Jenson, J. M., Hawkins, J. D., & Catalano, R. F. (1986). Social support in aftercare services for troubled youth. Children & Youth Services Review, 8, 323–347.
Kolko, D. J., & Kazdin, A. E. (1993). Emotional/Behavioral problems in clinic and non-clinic children: Correspondence among child, parent and teacher reports. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 991–1006.
Lakin, B. L., Brambila, A. D., & Sigda, K. B. (2004). Parental involvement as a factor in the readmission to a residential treatment center. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 22, 37–52.
Landsman, M. J., Groza, V., Tyler, M., & Malone, K. (2001). Outcomes of family-centered residential treatment. Child Welfare, 3, 351–379.
Larzelere, R. E., Daly, D. L., Davis, J. L., Chmelka, M. B., & Handwerk, M. L. (2004). Outcome evaluation of Girls and Boys Town’s family home program. Education & Treatment of Children, 27, 130–149.
Lee, S. W., Elliott, J., & Barbour, J. D. (1994). A comparison of cross-informant behavior ratings in school-based diagnosis. Behavior Disorders, 19, 87–97.
Lee, B. R., & Thompson, R. (2008). Comparing outcomes for youth in treatment foster care and family-style group care. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 746–757.
Leichtman, M., & Leichtman, M. L. (2001). Facilitating the transition from residential treatment into the community: I. The problem. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 19, 21–27.
Leichtman, M., & Leichtman, M. L. (2002). Facilitating the transition from residential treatment into the community: IV. Making use of community resources. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 19, 43–52.
Lieberman, R. E. (2004). Future directions in residential treatment. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 13, 279–294.
Lyons, J. S., Terry, P., Martinovich, Z., Peterson, J., & Bouska, B. (2001). Outcome trajectories for adolescents in residential treatment: A statewide evaluation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 10, 333–345.
Martin, J. E., Mithaug, D. E., Cox, P., Petersen, L. Y., Van Dycke, J. L., & Cash, M. E. (2003). Increasing self-determination: Teaching students to plan, work, evaluate, and adjust. Exceptional Children, 70, 431–447.
McNeal, R., Handwerk, M. L., Field, C. E., Roberts, M. C., Soper, S., Huefner, C., et al. (2006). Hope as an outcome variable among youths in a residential care setting. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 304–311.
Mech, E. V., Ludy-Dobson, C., & Hulseman, F. S. (1994). Life-skills knowledge: A survey of foster adolescents in three placement settings. Children and Youth Services Review, 16, 181–200.
Nickerson, A. B., Colby, S. A., Brooks, J. L., Rickert, J. M., & Salamone, R. J. (2007). Transitioning youth from residential treatment to the community: A preliminary investigation. Child & Youth Care Forum, 36, 73–86.
Nollan, K. (2006). Support for young people leaving care in the US. In C. McAuley, P. J. Pecora, & W. Rose (Eds.), Enhancing the well-being of children and families through effective interventions (pp. 240–252). Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (1998). Relation of hope to self-perception. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88, 535–540.
Owens, J. S., Goldfine, M. E., Evangelista, N. M., Hoza, B., & Kaiser, N. M. (2007). A critical review of self-perceptions and the positive illusionary bias in children with ADHD. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10, 335–351.
Pecora, P. J., Kessler, R. C., O’Brien, K., Roller White, C., Williams, J., Hiripi, E., et al. (2006). Educational and employment outcomes of adults formerly placed in foster care: Results form the Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study. Children & Youth Services Review, 28, 1459–1481.
Powers, K., Geenen, S., & Powers, L. E. (2009). Similarities and differences in the transition expectations of youth and parents. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 32, 132–144.
Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH diagnostic interview schedules for children version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28–38.
Sitlington, P. L., Neubert, D. A., Begun, W. H., Lombard, R. C., & Leconte, P. J. (2007). Assess for success: A practitioner’s handbook on transition assessment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Snyder, C. R., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M., et al. (1997). The development and validation of the Children’s Hope Scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22, 399–421.
Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J., Shorey, H. S., Rand, K., & Feldman, D. B. (2003). Hope theory, measurements, and applications to school psychology. School Psychology Quarterly, 18, 122–139.
Trout, A. L., Hagaman, J. L., Casey, K. J., Reid, R., & Epstein, M. H. (2008). The academic status of children in out-of-home care: A review of the literature. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 979–994.
U.S. Department of Education. (2004). National Center for Education Statistics (NCES): Education indicators: An international perspective. Washington, DC: Author.
Valle, M. F., Huebner, E. S., & Suldo, S. M. (2004). Further evaluation of the Children’s Hope Scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 22, 320–337.
Wagner, M., Newman, L., Cameto, R., Garza, N., & Levine, P. (2005). After high school: A first look at the postschool experiences of youth with disabilities. A report from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2). Menlo Park, CA: SRI International.
Wehmeyer, M. L., & Schwartz, M. (1997). Self-determination and positive adult outcomes: A follow-up study of youth with mental retardation and learning disabilities. Exceptional Children, 63, 245–255.
Wells, K., & Whittington, D. (1993). Characteristics of youths referred to residential treatment: Implications for program design. Children and Youth Services Review, 15, 195–217.
Whittaker, J. (2006). Residential care in the US. In C. McAuley, P. J. Pecora, & W. Rose (Eds.), Enhancing the well-being of children and families through effective interventions (pp. 240–252). Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Wolf, M. M., Kirigin, K. A., Fixsen, D. L., & Blasé, K. A. (1995). The teaching-family model: A case study in data-based program development and refinement (and dragon-wrestling). Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 15, 11–68.
Wolman, J. M., Campeau, P. L., DuBois, P. A., Mithaug, D. E., & Stolarski, V. S. (1994). AIR Self-Determination Scale and user guide. Palo Alto, CA: American Institutes for Research.
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge the staff members at Boys Town who were instrumental in the data collection process. This project was supported by the Center for At-Risk Children Services at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Casey, K.J., Reid, R., Trout, A.L. et al. The Transition Status of Youth Departing Residential Care. Child Youth Care Forum 39, 323–340 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-010-9106-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-010-9106-6