Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Parents Whose Children have Oppositional Defiant Disorder Talk to One Another on the Internet

  • Published:
Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a qualitative frame and discourse analysis of an electronic support group or blog site where parents (usually mothers) discuss managing their children with either medically or mother diagnosed oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). This is a particularly important topic in an era of e-scaped medicine characterized by powerful circulating discourses around medicalization, children’s mental health issues, mother blame and intensive mothering. The findings document that the mothers adopt a medicalized understanding of ODD, on the one hand, in that they use the terminology, and borrow from, discourses regarding other mental and developmental issues such as depression and ADHD. For example, they focus on biological causation and brain chemistry as causative. On the other hand, their understanding of ODD does not reflect the symptoms necessary for a medical diagnosis. They support one another in this paradoxically medicalized conception of ODD through particular social support strategies in which they reinforce to one another that they are not to blame, that others don’t understand and that (with blog support) they are not alone. The implications of this for theories of medicalization, mother blame and intensive mothering are discussed. Some practical and clinical consequences are considered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ainsworth, S., & Hardy, C. (2004). Critical discourse analysis and identity: Why bother? Critical Discourse Studies, 1, 225–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altheide, D. (1996). Qualitative Research Methods (Vol. 38). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, K. K. (2008). Electronic support groups, patient-consumers, and medicalization: The case of contested illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 49, 20–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, G. A. (2006). Grounded theory and sensitizing concepts. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(3), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, M. H., & Georgiades, K. (2010). Perspectives on child psychiatric disorders in Canada. In J. Cairney & D. L. Steiner (Eds.), Mental disorder in Canada an epidemiological perspective (pp. 205–206). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryman, A., & Teevan, J. (2005). Social research methods. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, J. D., Loeber, R., & Birmaher, B. (2002). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: A review of the past 10 years, part II. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1275–1293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, G. L., & Walsh, J. A. (2002). The influence of ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms on the development of oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in a 2 year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology: An Official Publication of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 30, 245–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Case, A., Paxson, C., & Vogl, T. (2007). Socioeconomic status and health in childhood: A comment on Chen, Martin and Matthews. Social Science and Medicine, 64, 757–761.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J. N. (2013). Health, illness and medicine in Canada. Toronto: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J. N., & Gawley, A. (2009). The triumph of pharmaceuticals the portrayal of depression. 1980-2005. Administration and Policy in Mental Health Service Research, 36, 91–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, P. (2005). The shifting engines of medicalization. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 46, 3–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cordell, A. (2004). Public health and children. Children and Society, 18, 243–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durlak, J., & Wells, A. (1998). Evaluation of indicated preventive intervention (secondary prevention) mental health programs for children and adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 775–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eysenbach, G., Powell, J., Englesakis, M., Rizo, C., & Stern, A. (2004). Health related virtual communities and electronic support groups: Systematic review of the effects of online peer to peer interactions. British Medical Journal, 328(1166), 1170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fayard, A.-L., & De Sanctis, G. (2010). Enacting language games: The development of a sense of ‘we-ness’ in online forums. Information Systems, 20, 383–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, S. & Fallows, D. (2003). Internet health resources Pew I Project Internet and American life. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org.

  • Fox, S. & Rainie, L. (2002). Vital decisions: How internet users decide what information to trust when they or their loved ones are sick. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2002/PIP_Vital_Deci sions_May2002.pdf.pdf.

  • Furedi, F. (2008). Paranoid parenting: Why ignoring the experts may be best for your child. London: Continuum.

  • Graham, H. (1984). Women, health and the family. Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, David. (2002). ‘Everybody just freezes. Everybody is just embarrassed’: Felt and enacted stigma among parents of children with high functioning autism. Sociology of Health & Illness, 22, 734–749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grob, G. (1991). Origins of DSM-I: A study in appearance and reality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 421–431.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herring, S. C., Scheidt, L. A., Wright, E., & Bonus, S. (2005). Weblogs as a bridging genre. Information Technology and People, 18, 142–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild, A. R., & Machung, A. (2003). The second shift. New York: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, A. (2002). Creating mental illness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, C., Chen, M. Y., & Ohan, J. L. (2006). Mothers’ attributions for behavior in nonproblem boys, boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional-defiant behavior. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 60–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, D. D., & Swanson, D. H. (2007). Cognitive acrobatics in the construction of worker-mother identity. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 57, 447–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, S. A., & Kutchins, H. (1994). The myth of the reliability of DSM. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 15(1–2), 71–86. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/618609270?accountid=15090.

  • Lavigne, J. V., Cicchetti, C., Gibbons, R. D., Binns, H. J., Larsen, L., & DeVito, C. (2001). Oppositional defiant disorder with onset in preschool years: Longitudinal stability and pathways to other disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1393–1400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. (2008). Changes in mothering of Korean women: Based on narrative interview data. Development and Society, 37, 141–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, R., Bagwell, C., & Erkulwater, J. (2009). Medicating children ADHD and pediatric mental health. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, B. (2004). Critical discourse studies: Where to from here? Critical Discourse Studies, 1, 9–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas, K. R., He, J., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., et al. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbididty Study-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 980–989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nettleton, S., Burrows, R., O’Malley, L., & Watt, I. (2004). Health e-types? An analysis of the everyday use of the internet for health. Information, Communication and Society, 7, 531–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newsmax. (2004). New freedom initiative/mandatory mental health screening of American children passes. Retrieved September 20, 2011 from http://www.infowars.com/articles/brave_new_world/new_freedom_paul_amendment.htm.

  • Nock, Matthew K., Kazdin, A. E., Hiripi, E., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). Lifetime prevalence, correlates, and persistence of oppositional defiant disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 48, 703–713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response biases. In J. P. Robinson, et al. (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes. San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pingdom. (2011). Internet 2010 in numbers. Pingdom Website. Retrieved January 12, 2011 from http://royal.pingdom.com/2011/01/12/internet-2010-in-numbers.

  • Richman, J., & Skidmore, D. (2000). Health implications of modern childhood. Journal of Child Health Care, 4, 106–110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, Richard, Costello, E. J., Angold, A., Copeland, W. E., & Maughan, B. (2010). Developmental pathways in oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 726–738.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, J. (2007). Blogging practices: An analytical framework. Journal of Computer-Medicated Communication, 12, 1409–1427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, L., Goel, L., & Mousavidin, E. (2008). Exploring the dynamics of blog communities: The case of metafilter. Information Systems, 19, 55–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, I. (2002). Bad boys, good mothers and the ‘miracle’ of Ritalin. Science in Context, 15, 577–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, I. (2004). Doing their jobs: Mothering with Ritalin in a culture of mother-blame. Social Science and Medicine, 59, 1193–1205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, I. (2006). A framework for understanding trends in ADHD diagnoses and stimulant drug treatment: Schools and schooling as a case study. Biosocieties, 1, 439–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, I. (2011). A disorder of anger and aggression: Children’s Perspectives on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the U.K. Social Science and Medicine, 73(889), 896.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, H., & Remsing, L. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 126–141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strand, M. (2011). Where do classifications come from? The DSM-III, the transformation of American psychiatry, and the problem of origins in the sociology of knowledge. Theory and Society, 40, 273–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoits, P. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52, 145–161.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitmarsh, J. (2008). Mums, dummies and ‘dirty dids’: The dummy as a symbolic representation of mothering? Children and Society, 22, 278–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wikipedia Blog. Wikipedia Website. Retrieved April 14, 2012 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog.

  • Zargham, M. (2010). More than half of Americans use internet for health. Reuters. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/03/us-internet_healthidUSTRE6120HM20100203.

Download references

Acknowledgments

I would like to gratefully acknowledge the support of the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council for funding for this project. This work was financially supported by the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, under Grant Number 410-2011-2099. The author had full control of all primary data and agrees to allow the journal to review the data if requested.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juanne N. Clarke.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Clarke, J.N., Van Ameron, G. Parents Whose Children have Oppositional Defiant Disorder Talk to One Another on the Internet. Child Adolesc Soc Work J 32, 341–350 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-015-0377-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-015-0377-5

Keywords

Navigation