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Echinococcosis in China, a Review of the Epidemiology of Echinococcus spp.

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Abstract

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are highly significant infectious diseases occurring worldwide and caused by metacestodes of tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis, respectively. Both human CE and AE have highest prevalence rates in western and northwestern China. Livestock is the main intermediate host of E. granulosus, and wild small mammal are the main intermediate hosts of E. multilocularis. Since they range freely in pastoral areas, prey on wild small mammals and offal of livestock after slaughter, and have close relationships with humans, domestic dogs are the most important definitive host of both Echinococcus spp. with the highest risk of transmitting CE and AE to humans. Pastoralism is the occupation with the highest risk of being infected with the both kinds of echinococcosis due to the proximity of livestock, dogs, and wildlife host species. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology of human echinococcosis, the situation of parasite transmission in animal hosts, and possible transmission patterns in China. In addition, human activities and their potential influence on the transmission of echinococcosis are also discussed.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (EID #1565, Parasitic zoonosis [echinococcosis] transmission in China), Shanghai Educational Development Foundation (2007CG31), Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, and Association Franco-Chinoise pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Programme de Recherches Avancées. We thank Aleksei Chmura for reviewing versions of this manuscript. We are also grateful to our reviewers whose invaluable comments improved this manuscript.

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Zhenghuan, W., Xiaoming, W. & Xiaoqing, L. Echinococcosis in China, a Review of the Epidemiology of Echinococcus spp.. EcoHealth 5, 115–126 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-008-0174-0

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