Article PDF
References
Mulliken JB, Fishman SJ, Burrows PE. Vascular anomalies. Curr Probl Surg 2000;37:519–84
Mulliken JB, Glowacki J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982;69:412–22
Mulliken JB. Cutaneous vascular anomalies. Semin Vasc Surg 1993;6:204–18
Brouillard P, Vikkula M. Vascular malformations: localized defects in vascular development. Clin Genet 2003;63:340–51
Brouillard P, Vikkula M. Genetic causes of vascular malformations. Hum Mol Genet 2007;16:R140–9
Breugem CC, van der Horst CM, Hennekam RC. Progress toward understanding vascular malformations. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;107:1509–23
Tille JC, Pepper MS. Hereditary vascular anomalies, new insights into their pathogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:1578–90
Enjolras O, Mulliken JB. The current management of vascular birthmarks. Pediatr Dermatol 1993;10:311–33
Garzon MC, Huang JT, Enjolras O, Frieden IJ. Vascular malformations, Part I. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:353–570
Waner M, Suen JY. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations of the head and neck. Wiley-Liss; 1999. pp. 64–79
Mulliken JB, Young AE. Vascular birthmarks: hemangiomas and malformations. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1988
Hancock BJ, St-Vil D, Luks FI, Di Lorenzo M, Blanchard H. Complications of lymphangiomas in children. J Pediatr Surg 1992;27:220–6
Lin JI, Fisher J, Caty MG. Newborn intraabdominal cystic lymphatic malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg 2000;9:141–5
Alqahtani A, Nguyen LT, Flageole H, et al. 25 years' experience with lymphangiomas in children. J Pediatr Surg 1999;34:1164–8
Padwa BL, Hayward PG, Ferraro NF, Mulliken JB. Cervicofacial lymphatic malformation: clinical course, surgical intervention, and pathogenesis of skeletal hypertrophy. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;95:951–60
Greene AK, Burrows PE, Smith L, Mulliken JB. Periorbital lymphatic malformation: clinical course and management in 42 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;115:22–30
Kohout MP, Hansen M, Pribaz JJ, Mulliken JB. Arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck: natural history and management. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;102:643–54
Gorham LW, Stout AP. Massive osteolysis (acute spontaneous absorption of bone, phantom bone, disappearing bone): its relations to hemangiomatosis. J Bone Joint Surg 1955;37:986–1004
Boyd JB, Mulliken JB, Kaban LB, Upton J, Murray JE. Skeletal changes associated with vascular malformation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984;74:789–97
Mathes EF, Haggstrom AN, Dowd C, Hoffman MY, Frieden IJ. Clinical characteristics and management of vascular anomalies. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:979–83
Arneja JS, Gosain AK. Vascular malformations. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121:195e–206e
Upton J, Coombs CJ, Mulliken JB, Burrows PE, Pap S. Vascular malformations of the upper limb: a review of 270 patients. J Hand Surg 1999;24:1019–35
Finn MC, Glowacki J, Mulliken JB. Congenital vascular lesions: clinical application of a new classification. J Pediatr Surg 1983;18:894–900
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kubiena, H., Hack, T., Roka, J. et al. Vascular malformations in infancy and young adulthood: signs and symptoms signaling progression. Eur Surg 44, 54–59 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10353-011-0062-7
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10353-011-0062-7