Abstract
The incorporation of external tools during a sports activity can be analyzed through the dynamics of appropriation. In this study, we assumed that appropriation could be documented at both the phenomenological and behavioral scales and aimed to characterize trail runners’ interactions with five carrying systems (i.e., backpacks proposing different ways of carrying water) in an ecological setting. The runners ran a 3-km trail running loop, equipped with inertial sensors to quantify both their vertical oscillations and those of the carrying systems. After the trials, phenomenological data were collected in enactive interviews. Results showed that (1) the runners encountered issues related to the carrying system, whose emergence in their experiences while running revealed the interplay between the tool’s transparency (i.e., when runners provided no account of the carrying system) and opacity (i.e., when runners mentioned perceptions of disturbing system elements), and (2) when the runners carried the water bottles on the pectoral straps, they felt the system bouncing in an uncomfortable way, especially in the less technical parts of the route. We therefore investigated the low- and high-order parameters of coordination by computing the vertical accelerations and the acceleration couplings between the carrying system and the runners in order to identify coordination modes. The congruence between the runners’ experiences and the behavioral data was noted in terms of (1) the system’s vertical oscillations (i.e., low-order parameters) and (2) the couplings between the accelerations of the runners and the backpacks (i.e., high-order parameters). Our results demonstrated that the appropriation process was shaped by the interactions between the runners’ activity, the environment and the physical properties of the tool. These interactions occurred in fluctuating phases where the runners perceived the carrying systems as more or less incorporated. Our results highlighted how tool incorporation is revealed through changes in its transparency/opacity in the actor’s activity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adé D, Seifert L, Gal-Petitfaux N, Poizat G (2017) Artefacts and expertise in sport: an empirical study of ice climbing. Int J Sport Psychol 48:82–98
Bachmann ER, Yun X, Brumfield A (2007) Investigating the effects of magnetic variations on inertial/magnetic orientation sensors. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey. http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA601163
Barandiaran XE, Paolo ED, Rohde M (2009) Defining agency: individuality, normativity, asymmetry, and spatio-temporality in action. Adapt Behav 17:367–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712309343819
Bardy BG, Mantel B (2006) Ask not what’s inside your head, but what your head is inside of (Mace, 1977). Intellectica 43:53–58
Black D (2014) Where bodies end and artefacts begin: tools, machines and interfaces. Body Soc 20:31–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X13506946
Carijó FH, de Almeida MC, Kastrup V (2013) On haptic and motor incorporation of tools and other objects. Phenomenol Cogn Sci 12:685–701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-012-9269-8
Chang R, Van Emmerik R, Hamill J (2008) Quantifying rearfoot–forefoot coordination in human walking. J Biomech 41:3101–3105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.07.024
de Vries WHK, Veeger HEJ, Baten CTM, van der Helm FCT (2009) Magnetic distortion in motion labs, implications for validating inertial magnetic sensors. Gait Posture 29:535–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.12.004
Depraz N, Gyemant T, Desmidt S (2017) A first-person analysis using third-person data as a generative method: a case study of surprise in depression. Constr Found 12:190–203
Di Paolo E (2009) Extended life. Topoi 28:9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-008-9042-3
Gal-Petitfaux N, Adé D, Poizat G, Seifert L (2013) L’intégration de données biomécaniques et d’expérience pour comprendre l’activité de nageurs élites et concevoir un dispositif d’évaluation. Trav Hum 76:257–282
Gapenne O, Declerck G (2009) Conceptualizing and designing the process of appropriation: the story of a disappearance. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on research into design. Bangalore, India
Gesbert V, Durny A, Hauw D (2017) How do soccer players adjust their activity in team coordination? An enactive phenomenological analysis. Front Psychol 8:854. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00854
Guignard B, Rouard A, Chollet D et al (2017a) Perception and action in swimming: effects of aquatic environment on upper limb inter-segmental coordination. Hum Mov Sci 55:240–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.08.003
Guignard B, Rouard A, Chollet D, Seifert L (2017b) Behavioral dynamics in swimming: the appropriate use of inertial measurement units. Front Psychol 8:383. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00383
Haddad JM, van Emmerik REA, Whittlesey SN, Hamill J (2006) Adaptations in interlimb and intralimb coordination to asymmetrical loading in human walking. Gait Posture 23:429–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.05.006
Hafer JF, Freedman Silvernail J, Hillstrom HJ, Boyer KA (2016) Changes in coordination and its variability with an increase in running cadence. J Sports Sci 34:1388–1395. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1112021
Hauw D (2018) Énaction et intervention en psychologie du sport chez les sportifs élites et en formation [Enaction and intervention in sports psychology among elite athletes and in training]. Can J Behav Sci/Rev Can Sci Comport 50:54–64. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000094
Havelange V (2010) The ontological constitution of cognition and the epistemological constitution of cognitive science: Phenomenology, enaction and technology. In: Stewart J, Gapenne O, Di Paolo E (eds) Enaction: toward a new paradigm for cognitive science. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 335–359
Legrand D (2006) The bodily self: the sensori-motor roots of pre-reflective self-consciousness. Phenomenol Cogn Sci 5:89–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-005-9015-6
Lenay C (2006) Énaction, Externalisme et Suppléance Perceptive. Intellectica 43:27–52
Luinge HJ, Veltink PH (2005) Measuring orientation of human body segments using miniature gyroscopes and accelerometers. Med Biol Eng Comput 43:273–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02345966
Lutz A (2002) Toward a neurophenomenology as an account of generative passages: a first empirical case study. Phenomenol Cogn Sci 1:133–167. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020320221083
Madgwick SOH, Harrison AJL, Vaidyanathan R (2011) Estimation of IMU and MARG orientation using a gradient descent algorithm. In: 2011 IEEE international conference on rehabilitation robotics, pp 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORR.2011.5975346
McGann M, De Jaegher H, Di Paolo E (2013) Enaction and psychology. Rev Gen Psychol 17:203–209. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032935
Merayo JMG, Brauer P, Primdahl F et al (2000) Scalar calibration of vector magnetometers. Meas Sci Technol 11:120–132. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/11/2/304
Mohamed S, Favrod V, Antonini Philippe R, Hauw D (2015) The situated management of safety during risky sport: learning from skydivers’ courses of experience. J Sports Sci Med 14:340–346
Needham R, Naemi R, Chockalingam N (2014) Quantifying lumbar–pelvis coordination during gait using a modified vector coding technique. J Biomech 47:1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.12.032
Poizat G (2015) Learning through interaction with technical objects: from the individuality of the technical object to human individuation. In: Filliettaz L, Billett S (eds) Francophone perspectives of learning through work. Springer, Cham, pp 119–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18669-6_6
Poizat G, Goudeaux A (2016) Appropriation et individuation : un nouveau modèle pour penser l’éducation et la formation ? Trans Formations 12. https://pulp.univ-lille1.fr/index.php/TF/article/view/1
Poizat G, Durand M, Theureau J (2016) The challenges of activity analysis for training objectives. Trav Hum 79:233–258. https://doi.org/10.3917/th.793.0233
Rochat N, Hauw D, Antonini Philippe R et al (2017) Comparison of vitality states of finishers and withdrawers in trail running: an enactive and phenomenological perspective. PLoS ONE 12:e0173667. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173667
Rochat N, Hauw D, Seifert L (2018) Enactments and the design of trail running equipment: an example of carrying systems. Appl Ergon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.07.002
Sabatini AM (2011) Estimating three-dimensional orientation of human body parts by inertial/magnetic sensing. Sensors 11:1489–1525. https://doi.org/10.3390/s110201489
Seel T, Raisch J, Schauer T (2014) IMU-based joint angle measurement for gait analysis. Sensors 14:6891–6909. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140406891
Seifert L, Orth D, Boulanger J et al (2014a) Climbing skill and complexity of climbing wall design: assessment of jerk as a novel indicator of performance fluency. J Appl Biomech 30:619–625. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2014-0052
Seifert L, Wattebled L, Herault R et al (2014b) Neurobiological degeneracy and affordance perception support functional intra-individual variability of inter-limb coordination during ice climbing. PLoS ONE 9:e89865. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089865
Sève C, Nordez A, Poizat G, Saury J (2013) Performance analysis in sport: contributions from a joint analysis of athletes’ experience and biomechanical indicators. Scand J Med Sci Sports 23:576–584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01421.x
Simondon G (2005) L’individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d’information. Million, Grenoble
Steiner P (2010) Philosophie, technologie et cognition: etat des lieux et perspectives. [Philosophy, technology and cognition: State of the art and perspectives]. Intellectica 53:7–40
Stewart JR, Gapenne O, Di Paolo EA (2010) Enaction: toward a new paradigm for cognitive science. MIT Press, Cambridge
Theureau J (2003) Course-of-action analysis and course-of-action centered design. In: Hollnagel E (ed) Handbook of cognitive task design. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Theureau J (2006) Le cours d’action : méthode développée, Premiere edition. Octares Editions, Toulouse
Theureau J (2010) Les entretiens d’autoconfrontation et de remise en situation par les traces matérielles et le programme de recherche « cours d’action ». Rev Anthropol Connaiss 4(2):287–322. https://doi.org/10.3917/rac.010.0287
Theureau J (2011) Appropriations 1, 2 & 3. Presented at the Journée Ergo-Idf, CNAM, Paris
Thompson E (2005) Sensorimotor subjectivity and the enactive approach to experience. Phenomenol Cogn Sci 4:407–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-005-9003-x
Varela F (1996) Neurophenomenology: a methodological remedy for the hard problem. J Conscious Stud 3:330–349
Varela F (2004) Quel savoir pour l’éthique?. La Découverte, Paris
Varela F, Thompson E, Rosch E (1991) The embodied mind: cognitive mind and human experience. MIT Press, Cambridge
Weber A, Varela FJ (2002) Life after Kant: natural purposes and the autopoietic foundations of biological individuality. Phenomenol Cogn Sci 1:97–125. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020368120174
Acknowledgements
At the time when the study was conducted, one author (NR) was employed in Raidlight-Vertical Outdoor LAB, Saint-Pierre-de-Chartreuse, France, and was funded by a grant from the ANRT (Association Nationale de Recherche et Technologie) under a CIFRE agreement (Industrial Convention of Learning by Research) with Raidlight and Swiss universities (Grant Number 2014/0538). This project also received the support of the CPER/GRR1880 Logistic, Mobility, and Numeric and FEDER XTerM. The funder provided support in the form of a salary for the author but had no additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
We declare that no competing interests exist.
Additional information
Handling editor: Fabio Lucidi (Sapienza University of Rome); Reviewers: Germain Poizat (University of Geneva), Marek McGann (University of Limerick), Andrea Chirico (Sapienza University of Rome).
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rochat, N., Seifert, L., Guignard, B. et al. An enactive approach to appropriation in the instrumented activity of trail running. Cogn Process 20, 459–477 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-019-00921-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-019-00921-2