Abstract
The spatial–numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect is observed for both numerical (Arabic digits) and non-numerical stimuli (size, duration, height). However, in a context of comparative judgment, Arabic numbers are mapped onto space differently from sizes and heights: SNARC for Arabic digits is formed consistently in a certain cultural reading direction, whereas SNARC for sizes and heights is additionally modulated by comparative instruction (it reverses when participants choose larger magnitudes). In the present study, we test whether the spatial characteristic of magnitude processing revealed in a context of comparison is determined by a presence or lack of numerical content of the processed information, or it depends on specific directional experience (e.g., left-to-right ordering) associated with the processed magnitude format. We examine the SNARC effect with the pairwise comparison design, by using non-symbolic numerical stimuli (objects’ collections), for which the left-to-right spatial structure is not as exceedingly overlearned as for Arabic numbers. We asked participants from two reading cultures (left-to-right vs. mixed reading culture) to compare numerosities of two sets, choosing either a larger or smaller one. SNARC emerged in both groups. Additionally, it was modulated by comparative instruction: It appeared in a left-to-right direction when participants selected a smaller set, but it tended to reverse when participants selected a larger set. We conclude that spatial processing of numerosities is dissociated from spatial processing of Arabic numbers, at least in a context of comparative judgment. This dissociation could reflect differences in spatial ordering experience specific to a certain numerical input.
Notes
We have used the difference score (RTs for the right hand–RTs for the left hand) instead of raw RTs as a dependent variable (cf. Patro & Haman, 2012 for analyzing raw RTs) to illustrate better the common way of looking at SNARC effects. Left-to-right SNARC is usually operationalized as a negative slope of the regression line obtained by regressing difference in RTs between right- and left-hand responses on numerical magnitudes. Although we do not use this regression method in our analyses, we can still examine whether and how spatial response bias changes gradually as a function of magnitude of numerical pairs (i.e., whether the difference score gets smaller/more negative for large numerical pairs as compared to small numerical pairs).
We interpret the difference in SNARC patterns between two language groups, revealed in error analysis, with caution. This is because the reduced SNARC in the Israeli group could be just an artifact caused by the lack of systematic variance associated with very low error rate in this group. Note that errors produced by Israeli participants constituted only 0.7 % of all the responses, whereas errors produced by Polish participants constituted 1.5 % of the responses (see Table 2 for details).
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Handling Editor: Thomas F. Shipley, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.
Reviewers: Liz Gunderson, Temple University, USA; Ilyse Resnick, University of Delaware, Newark, USA.
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Patro, K., Shaki, S. SNARC for numerosities is modulated by comparative instruction (and resembles some non-numerical effects). Cogn Process 17, 127–137 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-015-0745-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-015-0745-2