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Identification of neuromotor deficits common to autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and imitation deficits specific to autism spectrum disorder

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Abstract

Deficits in motor and imitation abilities are a core finding in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but impaired motor functions are also found in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Given recent theorising about potential aetiological overlap between the two disorders, the present study aimed to assess difficulties in motor performance and imitation of facial movements and meaningless gestures in a sample of 24 ADHD patients, 22 patients with ASD, and 20 typically developing children, matched for age (6–13 years) and similar in IQ (>80). Furthermore, we explored the impact of comorbid ADHD symptoms on motor and imitation performance in the ASD sample and the interrelationships between the two groups of variables in the clinical groups separately. The results show motor dysfunction was common to both disorders, but imitation deficits were specific to ASD. Together with the pattern of interrelated motor and imitation abilities, which we found exclusively in the ASD group, our findings suggest complex phenotypic, and possibly aetiological, relationships between the two neurodevelopmental conditions.

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Notes

  1. We are grateful to an anonymous reviewer of this article for making us aware of this problem.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Prof. Dr. Christine Freitag for giving us the permission of applying her adapted imitation tasks and for training our doctoral candidates in correctly performing them to assure intra- and inter-rater liability. We also acknowledge her for inspiring us to this study and giving us precious suggestions and commentaries.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 8, 79104, Freiburg, Germany

    Monica Biscaldi, Reinhold Rauh, Cora Müller, Lisa Irion, Eberhard Schulz & Christoph Klein

  2. School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK

    Christopher W. N. Saville & Christoph Klein

  3. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

    Christoph Klein

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  1. Monica Biscaldi
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  2. Reinhold Rauh
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  3. Cora Müller
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  4. Lisa Irion
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  5. Christopher W. N. Saville
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  6. Eberhard Schulz
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  7. Christoph Klein
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Correspondence to Monica Biscaldi.

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Ethical standards

The study protocol has been approved by the local ethics committee and has therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The children who volunteered to participate in the study as well as their parents signed an informed consent form before testing began.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Biscaldi, M., Rauh, R., Müller, C. et al. Identification of neuromotor deficits common to autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and imitation deficits specific to autism spectrum disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 24, 1497–1507 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0753-x

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