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Emotional face recognition in adolescent suicide attempters and adolescents engaging in non-suicidal self-injury

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Abstract

Little is known about the bio-behavioral mechanisms underlying and differentiating suicide attempts from non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents. Adolescents who attempt suicide or engage in NSSI often report significant interpersonal and social difficulties. Emotional face recognition ability is a fundamental skill required for successful social interactions, and deficits in this ability may provide insight into the unique brain–behavior interactions underlying suicide attempts versus NSSI in adolescents. Therefore, we examined emotional face recognition ability among three mutually exclusive groups: (1) inpatient adolescents who attempted suicide (SA, n = 30); (2) inpatient adolescents engaged in NSSI (NSSI, n = 30); and (3) typically developing controls (TDC, n = 30) without psychiatric illness. Participants included adolescents aged 13–17 years, matched on age, gender and full-scale IQ. Emotional face recognition was evaluated using the diagnostic assessment of nonverbal accuracy (DANVA-2). Compared to TDC youth, adolescents with NSSI made more errors on child fearful and adult sad face recognition while controlling for psychopathology and medication status (ps < 0.05). No differences were found on emotional face recognition between NSSI and SA groups. Secondary analyses showed that compared to inpatients without major depression, those with major depression made fewer errors on adult sad face recognition even when controlling for group status (p < 0.05). Further, compared to inpatients without generalized anxiety, those with generalized anxiety made fewer recognition errors on adult happy faces even when controlling for group status (p < 0.05). Adolescent inpatients engaged in NSSI showed greater deficits in emotional face recognition than TDC, but not inpatient adolescents who attempted suicide. Further results suggest the importance of psychopathology in emotional face recognition. Replication of these preliminary results and examination of the role of context-dependent emotional processing are needed moving forward.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge and thank all adolescent participants and their families for being part of this study. This study was funded by an American Foundation for Suicide Prevention Young Investigator Award to Dr. Dickstein and funds from Bradley Hospital.

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 550 North Broadway, Suite 943, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Karen E. Seymour

  2. Bradley Hospital’s Pediatric, Mood, Imaging and NeuroDevelopment (PediMIND) Program, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA

    Grace K. Cushman, Thania Galvan, Megan E. Puzia, Kerri L. Kim & Daniel P. Dickstein

  3. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA

    Richard N. Jones & Anthony Spirito

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  1. Karen E. Seymour
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Seymour, K.E., Jones, R.N., Cushman, G.K. et al. Emotional face recognition in adolescent suicide attempters and adolescents engaging in non-suicidal self-injury. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 25, 247–259 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0733-1

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