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Executive function and attention in children and adolescents with depressive disorders: a systematic review

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Abstract

Numerous studies have shown that Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in adults is associated with deficits in cognitive control. Particularly, impairment on executive function (EF) tasks has been observed. Research into EF deficits in children and adolescents with MDD has reported mixed results and it is currently unclear whether paediatric MDD is characterised by impairments in EF and attention. PsycInfo, Scopus and Medline were systematically searched to identify all studies that have investigated EF and attention in paediatric depressive disorders between 1994 and 2014. 33 studies meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria were identified. While across different domains of EF some studies identified a deficit in the clinical group, the majority of studies failed to find deficits in response inhibition, attentional set shifting, selective attention, verbal working memory, and verbal fluency. More research is needed to clarify the relationship between depressive disorders in children and adolescents and spatial working memory processing, sustaining attention, planning, negative attentional bias and measures of ‘hot’ EF. There is little support for EF deficits in paediatric depression. However, there are numerous methodological problems that may account for null findings. Alternatively, chronicity and/or severity of symptoms may explain discrepancies between cognitive deficits in adult and paediatric MDD. Recommendations for future studies are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

This research was conducted within the Developmental Imaging research group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and the Academic Child Psychiatry Unit, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne. Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria. It was supported by the Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, the Royal Children’s Hospital, The Royal Children’s Hospital Foundation, Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne and the Victorian Government’s Operational Infrastructure Support Program. TS was supported by a NHMRC Career Development Award.

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On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

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  1. Academic Child Psychiatry Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia

    Veronika Vilgis & Alasdair Vance

  2. Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia

    Veronika Vilgis & Timothy J. Silk

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  1. Veronika Vilgis
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Vilgis, V., Silk, T.J. & Vance, A. Executive function and attention in children and adolescents with depressive disorders: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 24, 365–384 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0675-7

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