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Paternal influences on treatment outcome of behavioral parent training in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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Abstract

This study aims to explore the influence of paternal variables on outcome of behavioral parent training (BPT) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 83 referred, school-aged children with ADHD were randomly assigned to BPT plus ongoing routine clinical care (RCC) or RCC alone. Treatment outcome was based on parent-reported ADHD symptoms and behavioral problems. Moderator variables included paternal ADHD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and parenting self-efficacy. We conducted repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) for all variables, and then analyzed the direction of interaction effects by repeated measures ANOVA in high and low scoring subgroups. Paternal ADHD symptoms and parenting self-efficacy played a moderating role in decreasing behavioral problems, but not in decreasing ADHD symptoms. Paternal depressive symptoms did not moderate either treatment outcome. BPT is most beneficial in reducing children’s behavioral problems when their fathers have high levels of ADHD symptoms or high-parenting self-efficacy.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Irene Kruithof-Hoekstra and Dorien Rump for their excellent participation and support in data collection. The authors thank the participating families, therapists and child psychiatrists. This work was supported by the University Medical Center Groningen.

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 660, 9700 AR, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Lianne van der Veen-Mulders, Sjoerd Sytema, Ruud B. Minderaa & Maaike H. Nauta

  2. Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Paul M. G. Emmelkamp

  3. The Center for Social and Humanities Research, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Paul M. G. Emmelkamp

  4. Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Maaike H. Nauta

Authors
  1. Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker
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  2. Pieter J. Hoekstra
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  3. Lianne van der Veen-Mulders
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  4. Sjoerd Sytema
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  5. Paul M. G. Emmelkamp
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  6. Ruud B. Minderaa
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  7. Maaike H. Nauta
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker.

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van den Hoofdakker, B.J., Hoekstra, P.J., van der Veen-Mulders, L. et al. Paternal influences on treatment outcome of behavioral parent training in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23, 1071–1079 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0557-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0557-4

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