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Prevalence of psychosomatic and emotional symptoms in European school-aged children and its relationship with childhood adversities: results from the IDEFICS study

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Abstract

The prevalence of childhood stress and psychosomatic and emotional symptoms (PES) has increased in parallel, indicating that adverse, stressful circumstances and PES in children might be associated. This study describes the prevalence of PES in European children, aged 4–11 years old, and examines the relationship among PES, negative life events (NLE) and familial or social adversities in the child’s life. Parent-reported data on childhood adversities and PES was collected for 4,066 children from 8 European countries, who participated in the follow-up survey of IDEFICS (2009–2010), by means of the ‘IDEFICS parental questionnaire’. A modified version of the ‘Social Readjustment Rating Scale’, the ‘KINDL Questionnaire for Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents’ and the ‘Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire’ were incorporated in this questionnaire, as well as questions on socio-demographics, family lifestyle and health of the child. Chi-square analyses were performed to investigate the prevalence of PES among survey centres, age groups and sex of the child. Odds ratios were calculated to examine the childhood adversity exposure between PES groups and logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate: (a) the contribution of the number and (b) the specific types of experienced adversities on the occurrence of PES. 45.7% of the children experienced at least one PES, with low emotional well-being during the last week being most frequently reported (38.2%). No sex differences were shown for the prevalence of PES (P = 0.282), but prevalence proportions rose with increasing age (P < 0.001). Children with PES were more frequently exposed to childhood adversities compared to children without PES (e.g. 13.3 and 3.9% of peer problems and 25.4 and 17.4% of non-traditional family structure in the PES vs. no PES group, respectively, P < 0.001). An increasing number of adversities (regardless of their nature) was found to gradually amplify the risk for PES (OR = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.98–4.12 for a number of ≥3 NLE), indicating the effect of cumulative stress. Finally, a number of specified adversities were identified as apparent risk factors for the occurrence of PES, such as living in a non-traditional family structure (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.30–1.79) or experiencing peer problems (OR = 3.55, 95% CI = 2.73–4.61). Childhood adversities were significantly related to PES prevalence, both quantitatively (i.e. the number of adversities) and qualitatively (i.e. the type of adversity). This study demonstrates the importance and the impact of the child’s family and social context on the occurrence of PES in children younger than 12 years old.

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Acknowledgments

This work was done as part of the IDEFICS Study (http://www.idefics.eu). We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the European Community within the Sixth RTD Framework Programme Contract No. 016181 (FOOD). The authors also wish to thank the IDEFICS children and their parents who generously volunteered and participated in this project. Barbara Vanaelst, Tineke De Vriendt and Isabelle Sioen are financially supported by the Research Foundation-Flanders (Grant n°: 1.1.894.11.N.00, 1.1.746.09.N.01, 1.2.683.11.N.00, respectively). The information in this document reflects the authors’ view and is provided as such.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health, University Hospital, Ghent University, Block A, 2nd floor, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Barbara Vanaelst, Tineke De Vriendt, Nathalie Michels, Isabelle Sioen & Stefaan De Henauw

  2. Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Egmontstraat 5, 1000, Brussels, Belgium

    Barbara Vanaelst, Tineke De Vriendt & Isabelle Sioen

  3. BIPS-Institute for Epidemiology and Prevention Gmbh, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    Wolfgang Ahrens & Karin Bammann

  4. Research and Education Institute of Child Health, 8 Attikis Str, 2027, Strovolos, Cyprus

    Charalambos Hadjigeorgiou

  5. National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42, 11619, Tallinn, Estonia

    Kenn Konstabel

  6. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 454, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden

    Lauren Lissner

  7. National Institute of Health Promotion, University of Pécs, Gyermekklinika, József Attila utca 7, Pécs, 7623, Hungary

    Denes Molnar

  8. GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain

    Luis A. Moreno

  9. Department of Intercultural Communication and Management, Copenhagen Business School, Porcelaenshaven 18A, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark

    Lucia Reisch

  10. Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Via Roma 64, 83100, Avellino, Italy

    Alfonso Siani

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  1. Barbara Vanaelst
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Correspondence to Barbara Vanaelst.

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On behalf of the IDEFICS Consortium.

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Vanaelst, B., De Vriendt, T., Ahrens, W. et al. Prevalence of psychosomatic and emotional symptoms in European school-aged children and its relationship with childhood adversities: results from the IDEFICS study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 21, 253–265 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0258-9

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