Abstract
The study evaluated the psychometric properties of Finnish versions of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C) and the Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised (SASC-R). 352 students (M = 12.2 years) participated in the study and completed the SPAI-C and SASC-R. In addition, 68 participants (M = 12.2 years) and their parents were interviewed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children (K-SADS-PL). The SPAI-C was more sensitive for identifying youth meeting criteria for social phobia (SP), whereas the SASC-R demonstrated greater specificity. The youth in this sample had lower mean total scores on the self-report questionnaires than did those in the original validitation studies of the SPAI-C and SASC-R conducted in America. These findings question whether cross-cultural differences in the expression of SP influence the clinical cut-off scores used in translated versions of social anxiety questionnaires.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albano AM, Dibartolo PM, Heimberg RG, Barlow DH (1995) Children and adolescents: assessment and treatment. In: Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR, Hope DA, Schneier FR (eds) Social Phobia: diagnosis, assesment and treatment. The Guilford Press, New York, pp 387–425
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1994). Diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. Washington, DC
Beidel DC (1991) Social Phobia and overanxious disorder in school-age children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30:545–552
Beidel DC, Turner SM (1988) Comorbidity of test anxiety and other anxiety disorders in children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 16:275–287
Beidel DC, Turner SM, Morris TL (1998) Social phobia and anxiety inventory for children (SPAI-C). User´s manual. Multi-Health Systems Inc, North Tonawanda
Connor KM, Davidson JRT, Churchill LE, Sherwood A, Foa E, Weisler RH (2000) Psychometric properties of the social phobia inventory (SPIN): new self-rating scale. Br J Psychiatry 176:379–386
Epkins CC (2002) A comparison of two self-report measures of children’s social anxiety in clinic and community samples. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 31(1):69–79
Fedoroff IC, Taylor S (2001) Psychological and pharmacological treatment of social phobia: meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21:311–324
Francis G, Last CG, Strauss CC (1992) Avoidant disorder and social phobia in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31:1086–1089
Gauer GJC, Picon P, Vasconcellos SJL, Turner SM, Beidel DC (2005) Validation of the social phobia and anxiety inventory for children (SPAI-C) in a sample of Brazilian children Brazilian. J Med Biol Res 38:795–800
Hayward C, Killen JD, Kraemer HC, Taylor CB (1998) Linking self-reported childhood behavioural inhibition to adolescent social phobia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37:1308–1316
Hurtig T, Ebeling H, Taanila A, Miettunen J, Smalley S, McGough (2007) ADHD and comorbid disorders in relation to family environment and symptom severity. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16(6):362–369
Inderbitzen-Nolan H, Davies CA, McKeon ND (2004) Investigating the construct validity of the SPAI-C: comparing the sensitivity and specificity of the SPAI-C and the SAS-A. J Anxiety Disord 18(4):547–560
Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, Williamson D, Ryan N (1997) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school aged children present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:980–988
Koot HM, Mesman J (2001) Dutch version of the SASC-R. Erasmus University Rotterdam
Kristensen H, Torgersen S (2006) Social anxiety disorder in 11–12-year-old children: The efficacy of screening and issues in parent-child agreement. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 15(3):163–171
La Greca AM, Stone WL (1993) Social anxiety scale for children-revised: factor structure and concurrent validity. J Clin Child Psychol 1:17–27
Magee WJ, Eaton WW, Wittchen HU, McGonagle KA, Kessler RC (1996) Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the national Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:159–168
Manuzza S, Fyer AJ, Liebowitz MR, Klein DF (1990) Delineating the boundaries of social phobia: its relationship to panic disorder and agoraphobia. J Anxiety Disord 4(1):41–59
Melfsen S, Florin I (1997) Die Social Anxiety Scale for Children –Revised. Deutschesprachige Version (SASC-R-D). Ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung sozialer Angst bei Kindern. Kindheit und Entwicklung 6:224–229
Melfsen S, Florin I, Walter HJ (1999) Die deutsche Fassung des social phobia and anxiety inventory for children (SPAI-C-D): Psychometrische Eigenenschaften und Normierung. Diagnostica 45(2):95–103
Melfsen S, Florin I, Warnke A (2001) Das Sozialphobie und –angsinventar für Kinder (SPAIK). Hogrefe, Göttingen
Morris TL, Masia CL (1998) Psychometric evaluation of the social phobia and anxiety inventory for children: concurrent validity and normative data. J Clin Child Psychol 27(4):452–458
Muris P, Little M (2005) Domains of childhood teasing and psychopathological symptoms in Dutch adolescents. Psychol Rep 96(3):707–708
Ranta K, Kaltiala-Heino R, Rantanen P, Tuomisto MT, Marttunen M (2006) Screening social phobia in adolescents from general population: The validity of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) against a clinical interview. European Psychiatry. 2007; doi:10.1016/j.europsy.2006.12.002
Reijntjes A, Dekovic M, Telch MJ (2007) Support for the predictive validity of the SASC-R: linkages with reactions to an in vivo peer evaluation manipulation. J Anxiety Disord 21(7):903–917
Schneier FR, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Fyer AJ, Liebowitz MR, Weisman MM (1992) Social phobia. Comorbidity in an epidemiological sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:282–288
Shaffer D, Gould MS, Brasic J, Ambrosini P, Fischer P, Bird H, Aluwahlia SA (1983) Children’s global assessment scale (CGAS). Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:1228–1231
Smari J, Petursdottir G, Porsteinsdottir V (2001) Social anxiety and depression in adolescents in relation to perceived competence and situational appraisal. J Adolesc 24(2):199–207
Statistics Finland. The population of Finland in 2006. http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak. Accessed 21 May 2007
Storch EA, Eisenberg P, Roberti J, Barlas ME (2003) Further normative data and construct validity of the social anxiety scale for children-revised in a sample of Hispanic children. Hisp J Behav Sci 25: 410–422
Storch EA, Masia-Warner C, Dent HC, Roberti JW, Fisher PH (2004) Psychometric evaluation of the social anxiety scale for adolescents and the social phobia and anxiety inventory for children: construct validity and normative data. J Anxiety Disord 18(5):665–679
Taylor S (1996) Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatments for social phobia. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 27:1–9
Watson D, Friend R (1969) Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. J Consult Clin Psychol 33:448–457
Weisman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, Greenwald S, Lee CK, Newman SC, Rubio-Stipec C, Wicramaratne PJ (1996) The cross-national epidemiology of social phobia: a preliminary report. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(3):9–14
Wittchen HU, Beloch E (1996) The impact of social phobia on quality of life. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(3):15–23
Wittchen HU, Stein MB, Kessler RC (1999) Social fears and social phobia in a community of adolescents and young adults: prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity. Psychol Med 29:309–323
World Health Organisation (WHO (1993). ICD-10 Classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva, Switzerland
Acknowledgments
The research was supported by The Alma and K. A. Snellman Foundation, Oulu, Finland; Child Psychiatric Research Foundation, Finland; and Emil Aaltonen Foundation, Finland. We want to thank the participants of the study and Ms. Katja Larinen for her assistance in data collection.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
An erratum to this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-010-0100-1
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sanna, K., Rachel, PW., Hanna, E. et al. Psychometric evaluation of social phobia and anxiety inventory for children (SPAI-C) and social anxiety scale for children-revised (SASC-R). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 18, 116–124 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-008-0712-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-008-0712-x