Abstract
Three independent complex segregation analyses found that the cause of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was the presence of major genes interacting with environmental influences. In order to identify potential environmental risk factors for ADHD in the Paisa community—a very well described, genetically isolated group—we randomly selected a sample of 486 children between 6 and 11 years of age. This group included 200 children with ADHD (149 males and 51 females) and 286 healthy controls (135 males and 151 females). The ADHD DSM-IV diagnosis was obtained using the DICA and BASC evaluation instruments, and the children’s mothers or grandmothers filled out a questionnaire on each child’s exposure to prenatal, neonatal, and early childhood risk factors. The data were analyzed using cross tabulation and stepwise logistic multiple-regression analyses. Cross tabulation associated ADHD with a variety of factors, including miscarriage symptoms, premature delivery symptoms, maternal respiratory viral infection, moderate to severe physical illness in the mother during gestation, prenatal cigarette and alcohol exposure, neonatal seizures, asphyxia or anoxia, severe neonatal illness, mild speech retardation, moderate brain injury, and febrile seizures (odds ratio ≥ 2, P < 0.05). Stepwise logistic multiple-regression analysis also uncovered a block of variables, including male gender, maternal illnesses, prenatal alcohol exposure, mild speech retardation, febrile seizures, and moderate brain injury (odds ratio ≥ 2.0, P < 0.05). Future studies on the risk of developing ADHD must include these environmental factors as covariates.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y Tecnología (COLCIENCIAS) for funding the project: Factores de Riesgo para la Aparición del trastorno de Deficiencia de Atención en Niños de 6 A 11 Años del Valle de Aburrá [Risk factors for attention deficit diagnosis in 6- to 11-year-old children from Aburra Valley], code 1255-04-10169, grant #155-2000. The data presented in this paper were obtained from this project. We acknowledge assistant researchers Máryoris Zapata, Paula Montoya Angela Builes, Bibiana Velásquez, Jormaris Marínez, and Edith Oleiva Salazar.
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Pineda, D.A., Palacio, L.G., Puerta, I.C. et al. Environmental influences that affect attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16, 337–346 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0605-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0605-4