Abstract
The study investigated the predictive value of pro-social behaviour for developmental pathways of behavioural and emotional problems at kindergarten age. One hundred and sixty children participated in the study at the ages of 5 and 6. Teachers and parents completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; children completed the Berkeley Puppet Interview at both assessment points. Single-informant data were aggregated to enhance the reliability and validity of data. Gender and parental educational status were controlled.
Symptoms (conduct problems, hyperactivity and emotional symptoms) and pro-social behaviour were moderately stable over time. Compared to girls, boys showed higher levels and increases of conduct problems and hyperactivity and lower levels of pro-social behaviour. Lower parental educational level was associated with higher levels and increases in hyperactivity. Although pro-social behaviour was cross-sectionally associated with behavioural and emotional symptoms, pro-social behaviour did not predict changes in conduct problems or hyperactivity over time. However, children with above average emotional symptoms and above average pro-social behaviour at Age_5 showed the highest level of emotional symptoms at Age_6. The results indicate that low levels of pro-social behaviour are associated with children’s externalising behaviour problems, but that for children with high levels of emotional symptoms, higher levels of pro-social behaviour should also be considered as a risk factor.
In sum, our results suggest mainly homotypic pathways of internalising and externalising symptoms across kindergarten age, but indicate that the assessment of pro-social behaviour yields additional information regarding the developmental pathways of emotional symptoms.
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The study was conducted at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Basel (Switzerland). The study was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant 32-66778.01), ‘Freie Akademische Gesellschaft Basel’ and ‘Novartis-Stiftung’.
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Perren, S., Stadelmann, S., von Wyl, A. et al. Pathways of behavioural and emotional symptoms in kindergarten children: What is the role of pro-social behaviour?. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16, 209–214 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-006-0588-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-006-0588-6