Abstract
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a widely accepted measure of illness state that is related to morbidity and mortality. Findings from various populations show that women report lower HRQOL than men. We analyzed baseline HRQOL data for gender differences from a multisite, randomized controlled study for adults with bipolar disorder. HRQOL was assessed using the 12-item Short Form (SF-12) physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) health scales. Multivariate linear and bivariate regression models examined differences in self-reported data on demographics, depressive symptoms (nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire), bipolar disorder symptoms (Internal State Scale), and medical comorbidities. Out of 384 enrolled (mean age = 42 years), 256 were women (66.7 %). After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and clinical factors, women had lower SF-12 PCS scores than men [β = −1.78, standard error (SE) = 0.87, p < 0.05], indicating worse physical health, but there were no gender differences in MCS scores. After controlling for patient factors including medical and behavioral comorbidities, the association between gender and PCS score was no longer significant. Of the medical comorbidities, pain was associated with lower PCS scores (β = −4.90, SE = 0.86, p < 0.0001). Worse physical HRQOL experienced by women with bipolar disorder may be explained by medical comorbidity, particularly pain, suggesting the importance of gender-tailored interventions addressing physical health conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altshuler LL, Kupka RW, Hellemann G, Frye MA, Sugar CA, McElroy SL, Nolen WA, Grunze H, Leverich GS, Keck PE, Zermeno M, Post RM, Suppes T (2010) Gender and depressive symptoms in 711 patients with bipolar disorder evaluated prospectively in the Stanley Foundation bipolar treatment outcome network. Am J Psychiatry 167(6):708–715. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09010105
Arnold LM, Witzeman KA, Swank ML, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr (2000) Health-related quality of life using the SF-36 in patients with bipolar disorder compared with patients with chronic back pain and the general population. J Affect Disord 57(1–3):235–239
Arrington-Sanders R, Yi MS, Tsevat J, Wilmott RW, Mrus JM, Britto MT (2006) Gender differences in health-related quality of life of adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Health Qual Life Outcomes 4:5. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-4-5
Bauer MS, Vojta C, Kinosian B, Altshuler L, Glick H (2000) The Internal State Scale: replication of its discriminating abilities in a multisite, public sector sample. Bipolar Disord 2(4):340–346
Bryant-Comstock L, Stender M, Devercelli G (2002) Health care utilization and costs among privately insured patients with bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disord 4:398–405
Bush K, Kivalahan DR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA (1998) The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol use disorders identification test. Arch Int Med 158(16):1789–1795
Christensen EM, Gjerris A, Larsen JK, Bendtsen BB, Larsen BH, Rolff H, Ring G, Schaumburg E (2003) Life events and onset of a new phase in bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disord 5(5):356–361
Dawson DA, Grant BF, Stinson FS (2005) The AUDIT-C: screening for alcohol use disorders and risk drinking in the presence of other psychiatric disorders. Compr Psychiatry 46(6):405–416
Dilsaver SC (2011) An estimate of the minimum economic burden of bipolar I and II disorders in the United States: 2009. J Affect Disord 129(1–3):79–83. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.08.030
Endicott J, Nee J, Harrison W, Blumenthal R (1993) Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire: a new measure. Psychopharmacol Bull 29(2):321–326
Fenn HH, Bauer MS, Altshuler L, Evans DR, Williford WO, Kilbourne AM, Beresford TP, Kirk G, Stedman M, Fiore L, Team VACS (2005) Medical comorbidity and health-related quality of life in bipolar disorder across the adult age span. J Affect Disord 86(1):47–60. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.12.006
Glick HA, McBride L, Bauer MS (2003) A manic-depressive symptom self-report in optical scanable format. BipolarDisord 5(5):366–369
World Health Organization (2008) The global burden of disease: 2004 update. World Health Organization, Geneva
Guyatt GH, Feeny DH, Patrick DL (1993) Measuring health-related quality of life. Ann Intern Med 118(8):622–629
Jorngarden A, Wettergen L, von Essen L (2006) Measuring health-related quality of life in adolescents and young adults: Swedish normative data for the SF-36 and the HADS, and the influence of age, gender, and method of administration. Health Qual Life Outcomes 4:91. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-4-91
Judd LL, Akiskal HS (2003) The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. J Affect Disord 73(1–2):123–131
Kilbourne AM, Goodrich DE, Clogston J, Bauer MS, Waxmonsky JA, VanDeusen Lukas C, Neumann MS, Lai Z, Kim HM, Eisenberg D, Pincus HA, Thomas MR (2012) Randomized controlled trial of the Replicating Effective Programs implementation framework: the Recovery-Oriented Collaborative Care Study. Implement Sci (in review)
Kilbourne AM, Perron BE, Mezuk B, Welsh D, Ilgen M, Bauer MS (2009) Co-occurring conditions and health-related quality of life in patients with bipolar disorder. Psychosom Med 71(8):894–900. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181b49948
Kleinman L, Lowin A, Flood E, Gandhi G, Edgell E, Revicki D (2003) Costs of bipolar disorder. PharmacoEconomics 21:601–622
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB (2001) The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 16(9):606–613
Linzer M, Spitzer R, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Hahn S, Brody D, deGruy F (1996) Gender, quality of life, and mental disorders in primary care: results from the PRIME-MD 1000 study. Am J Med 101(5):526–533
MacQueen GM, Young LT, Robb JC, Marriott M, Cooke RG, Joffe RT (2000) Effect of number of episodes on wellbeing and functioning of patients with bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 101(5):374–381
Michalak EE, Murray G, Young AH, Lam RW (2008) Burden of bipolar depression: impact of disorder and medications on quality of life. CNS Drugs 22(5):389–406
Michalak EE, Yatham LN, Lam RW (2005) Quality of life in bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Health Qual Life Outcomes 3:72. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-3-72
Mrus JM, Williams PL, Tsevat J, Cohn SE, Wu AW (2005) Gender differences in health-related quality of life in patients with HIV/AIDS. Qual Life Res 14(2):479–491
Orfila F, Ferrer M, Lamarca R, Tebe C, Domingo-Salvany A, Alonso J (2006) Gender differences in health-related quality of life among the elderly: the role of objective functional capacity and chronic conditions. Soc Sci Med 63(9):2367–2380. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.017
Osby U, Brandt L, Correia N, Ekbom A, Sparen P (2001) Excess mortality in bipolar and unipolar disorder in Sweden. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(9):844–850
Ozer S, Ulusahin A, Batur S, Kabakci E, Saka MC (2002) Outcome measures of interepisode bipolar patients in a Turkish sample. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 37(1):31–37
Ramsey CM, Leoutsakos JM, Mayer LS, Eaton WW, Lee HB (2010) History of manic and hypomanic episodes and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: 11.5 year follow-up from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. J Affect Disord 125(1–3):35–41. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.12.024
Robb JC, Young LT, Cooke RG, Joffe RT (1998) Gender differences in patients with bipolar disorder influence outcome in the medical outcomes survey (SF-20) subscale scores. J Affect Disord 49(3):189–193
Roshanaei-Moghaddam B, Katon W (2009) Premature mortality from general medical illnesses among persons with bipolar disorder: a review. Psych Serv 60:147–156. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.60.2.147
Roy-Byrne P, Post RM, Uhde TW, Porcu T, Davis D (1985) The longitudinal course of recurrent affective illness: life chart data from research patients at the NIMH. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 317:1–34
Singh JA, Borowsky SJ, Nugent S, Murdoch M, Zhao Y, Nelson DB, Petzel R, Nichol KL (2005) Health-related quality of life, functional impairment, and healthcare utilization by veterans: veterans' quality of life study. J Am Geriatr Soc 53(1):108–113. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53020.x
Teh CF, Kilbourne AM, McCarthy JF, Welsh D, Blow FC (2008) Gender differences in health-related quality of life for veterans with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 59(6):663–669
ten Have M, Vollebergh W, Bijl R, Nolen WA (2002) Bipolar disorder in the general population in The Netherlands (prevalence, consequences and care utilisation): results from The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). J Affect Disord 68(2–3):203–213
Ware J Jr, Kosinski M, Keller SD (1996) A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care 34(3):220–233
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (R301MH79994). The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs. AMK is a coauthor of the workbook, “Overcoming Bipolar Disorder: A Comprehensive Workbook for Managing Your Symptoms & Achieving Your Life Goals” (New Harbinger Publications, Inc., 2008) which was the basis for many of the current study intervention materials and receives publication royalties.
Conflict of interest
The other authors declare no competing interests.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de la Cruz, M.S.D., Lai, Z., Goodrich, D.E. et al. Gender differences in health-related quality of life in patients with bipolar disorder. Arch Womens Ment Health 16, 317–323 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-013-0351-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-013-0351-1