Skip to main content
Log in

Maternally focused worry

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
Archives of Women's Mental Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Emerging evidence suggests that many women in the postnatal period experience clinically significant levels of anxiety but do not meet full diagnostic criteria for an existing anxiety disorder. In this study, 167 women with infants aged 2 weeks to 12 months were interviewed for current and lifetime history of depression and anxiety disorders using the SCID-I and completed a range of self-report measures measuring psychological risk factors and current depressive and anxiety symptomatology. Qualitative comments provided by women diagnosed with ADNOS (maternally focused worry) were analyzed and themes identified, and independent t-tests and chi-square tests were conducted to compare differences between these women and women with GAD. Results showed (1) there to be almost as many women who met criteria for ADNOS (maternally focused worry) as met criteria for GAD, and (2) that women with maternally focused worry were indistinguishable from women with GAD in terms of anxiety and depressive symptom severity, functional impairment and a range of risk factors. These results highlight the status of maternally focused worry as an under-recognized phenomenon and one in need of further clinical and research attention.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Affonso DD, Liu-Chiang C-Y, Mayberry LJ (1999) Worry: conceptual dimensions and relevance to childbearing women. Health Care Women Int 20:227–236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett BEW, Hanna B, Parker G (1983) Life event scales for obstetric groups. J Psychosom Res 27:313–320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bates JE, Bennett Freeland CA, Lounsbury ML (1979) Measurement of infant difficultness. Child Dev 50:794–803

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck AT, Steer RA (1993) Beck anxiety inventory manual, 3rd edn. The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Company, San Antonio

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA (1988) An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psych 56:893–897

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK (1996) Beck depression inventory manual—2nd edn (BDI-II). The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Company, San Antonio

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyce P, Hickey A, Gilchrist J, Talley NJ (2001) The development of a brief personality scale to measure vulnerability to postnatal depression. Arch Women’s Ment Health 3:147–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brockington IF, MacDonald E, Wainscott G (2006) Anxiety, obsessions and morbid preoccupations in pregnancy and the puerperium. Arch Women’s Ment Health 9:253–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen J (1992) A power primer. Psychol Bull 112:155–159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox J (1994) Origins and development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. In: Cox J, Holden J (eds) Perinatal Psychiatry: Use and Misuse of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. London, Gaskell, pp 115–124

  • Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovski R (1987) Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Br J Psychiatry 150:782–786

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtrona CE (1984) Social support and stress in the transition to parenthood. J Abnorm Psychol 93:378–390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtrona CE, Russell DW (1987) The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Advances in Personal Relationships 1:37–67

    Google Scholar 

  • First MB, Gibbon M, Spitzer RL, Williams JW (2002) Users guide to the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders—research version—(SCID-I for DSM-IV-TR, November 2002 Revision). Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorman LL, O’Hara MW, Figueiredo B, Hayes S, Jacquemain F, Kammerer MH, Klier CM, Rosi S, Seneviratne G, Sutter-Dallay A-L, The TCS-PND Group (2004) Adaptation of the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV disorders for assessing depression in women during pregnancy and post-partum across countries and cultures. Br J Psychiatry 184:s17–s23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gotlib IH, Whiffen VE, Wallace PM, Mount JH (1991) Prospective investigation of postpartum depression: factors involved in onset and recovery. J Abnorm Psychol 100:122–132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guedeney A, Kreisler L (1987) Sleep disorders in the first 18 months of life: hypothesis on the role of mother-child emotional exchanges. Infant Ment Health J 8:307–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karno M, Golding JM (1988) The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:1094–1099

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE (2005) Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:617–627

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Jin R, Ruscio AM, Shear K, Walters EE (2006) The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:415–424

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieb R, Becker E, Altamura C (2005) The epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder in Europe. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 15:445–452

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthey S, Barnett B, Howie P, Kavanagh DJ (2003) Diagnosing postpartum depression in mothers and fathers: whatever happened to anxiety? J Affect Disord 74:139–147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller RL, Pallant JF, Negri LM (2006) Anxiety and stress in the postpartum: is there more to postnatal distress than depression? BMC Psychiatry 6:12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray L (1992) The impact of postnatal depression on infant development. J Child Psychol Psychiat 33:543–561

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray L, Cooper PJ (1996) The impact of postpartum depression on child development. Int Rev Psychiatr 8:55–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray L, Hipwell A, Hooper R, Stein A, Cooper P (1996) The cognitive development of 5-year-old children of postnatally depressed mothers. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 37:927–935

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Hara MW, Zekoski EM, Philipps LH, Wright EJ (1990) Controlled prospective study of postpartum mood disorders: comparison of childbearing and nonchildbearing women. J Abnorm Psychol 99:3–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olfson M, Broadhead E, Weissman MM, Leon AC, Farber L, Hoven C, Kathol R (1996) Subthreshold psychiatric symptoms in a primary care group practice. Arch Gen Psychiat 53:880–886

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papousek M, Hofacker NV (1995) Persistent crying and parenting: search for a butterfly in a dynamic system. Early Dev Parent 4:209–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips J, Sharpe L, Matthey S (2007) Rates of depressive and anxiety disorders in a residential mother-infant unit for unsettled infants. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 41:836–842

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pitt B (1968) “Atypical” depression following childbirth. Br J Psychiatry 114:1325–1335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Power MJ, Katz R, McGuffin P, Duggan CF, Lam D, Beck AT (1994) The Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS): a comparison of forms A and B and proposals for a new subscaled version. J Res Pers 28:263–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purdy D, Frank E (1993) Should postpartum mood disorders be given a more prominent or distinct place in the DSM-IV? Depression 1:59–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reck C, Struben K, Backenstrass M, Stefenelli U, Reinig K, Fuchs T, Sohn C, Mundt C (2008) Prevalence, onset and comorbidity of postpartum anxiety and depressive disorders. Acta Psychiat Scand 118:459–468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross LE, McLean LM (2006) Anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 67:1285–1298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe HJ, Fisher JRW, Loh WM (2008) The Edinburgh postnatal depression scale detects but does not distinguish anxiety disorders from depression in mothers of infants. Arch Women’s Ment Health 11:103–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner R, Appleby L, Whitton A, Faragher B (1997) Attitudes toward motherhood in postnatal depression: development of the maternal attitudes questionnaire. J Psychosom Res 43:351–358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman AN (1979) The dysfunctional attitude scale: a validation study. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania

  • Wenzel A, Gorman LL, O’Hara MW, Stuart S (2001) The occurrence of panic and obsessive compulsive symptoms in women with postpartum dysphoria: a prospective study. Arch Women’s Ment Health 4:5–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel A, Haugen EN, Jackson LC, Robinson K (2003) Prevalence of generalized anxiety at eight weeks postpartum. Arch Women’s Ment Health 6:43–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel A, Haugen EN, Jackson LC, Brendle JR (2005) Anxiety symptoms and disorders at eight weeks postpartum. J Anxiety Disord 19:295–311

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whiffen VE (1992) Is postpartum depression a distinct diagnosis? Clin Psychol Rev 12:485–508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whiffen VE, Gotlib IH (1993) Comparison of postpartum and nonpostpartum depression: clinical presentation, psychiatric history, and psychosocial functioning. J Consult Clin Psych 61:485–494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zanarini MC, Skodol AE, Bender D, Dolan R, Sanislow C, Schaefer E, Morey LC, Grilo CM, Shea MT, McGlashan TH, Gunderson JG (2000) The collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study: reliability of axis I and II diagnoses. J Personal Disord 14:291–299

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Karitane and a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Public Health Scholarship.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jane Phillips.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Phillips, J., Sharpe, L., Matthey, S. et al. Maternally focused worry. Arch Womens Ment Health 12, 409–418 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-009-0091-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-009-0091-4

Keywords

Navigation