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Co-transmission of conduct problems with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: familial evidence for a distinct disorder

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Summary

Common disorders of childhood and adolescence are attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). For one to two cases in three diagnosed with ADHD the disorders may be comorbid. However, whether comorbid conduct problems (CP) represents a separate disorder or a severe form of ADHD remains controversial. We investigated familial recurrence patterns of the pure or comorbid condition in families with at least two children and one definite case of DSM-IV ADHDct (combined-type) as part of the International Multicentre ADHD Genetics Study (IMAGE). Using case diagnoses (PACS, parental account) and symptom ratings (Parent/Teacher Strengths and Difficulties [SDQ], and Conners Questionnaires [CPTRS]) we studied 1009 cases (241 with ADHDonly and 768 with ADHD + CP), and their 1591 siblings. CP was defined as ≥4 on the SDQ conduct-subscale, and T ≥ 65, on Conners’ oppositional-score. Multinomial logistic regression was used to ascertain recurrence risks of the pure and comorbid conditions in the siblings as predicted by the status of the cases. There was a higher relative risk to develop ADHD + CP for siblings of cases with ADHD + CP (RRR = 4.9; 95%CI: 2.59–9.41); p < 0.001) than with ADHDonly. Rates of ADHDonly in siblings of cases with ADHD + CP were lower but significant (RRR = 2.9; 95%CI: 1.6–5.3, p < 0.001). Children with ADHD + CP scored higher on the Conners ADHDct symptom-scales than those with ADHDonly. Our finding that ADHD + CP can represent a familial distinct subtype possibly with a distinct genetic etiology is consistent with a high risk for cosegregation. Further, ADHD + CP can be a more severe disorder than ADHDonly with symptoms stable from childhood through adolescence. The findings provide partial support for the ICD-10 distinction between hyperkinetic disorder (F90.0) and hyperkinetic conduct disorder (F90.1).

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Abbreviations

ADHD :

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

ADHDct :

ADHD-combined type

CD :

Conduct disorder

CP :

Conduct problems

CP/TRS :

Conners Parent/Teacher Rating Scale

DSM-IV :

Diagnostic and statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, 4th version

ICD-10 :

International Classification of Diseases, 10th version

IMAGE :

International Multicentre ADHD Genetics Study

ODD :

Oppositional defiant disorder

PACS :

Parental account of children’s symptoms

SDQ :

Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire

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Correspondence to R. D. Oades.

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The first two authors contributed equally to this paper.

Correspondence: Robert D. Oades, Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, The University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147 Essen, Germany

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Christiansen, H., Chen, W., Oades, R. et al. Co-transmission of conduct problems with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: familial evidence for a distinct disorder. J Neural Transm 115, 163–175 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-007-0837-y

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