Summary.
Objective: The purpose of the current study was to elaborate on error monitoring in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) using the ERP methodology. Method: Children with ADHD executed a visual Go/No-Go task with 25 percent No-Go trials; and a two stimulus reaction time task wherein a neutral warning signal (S1) was presented to inform the child to prepare for an imperative stimulus (S2). Results: In both tasks, children with ADHD responded as fast as controls but made twice as many errors. In addition, they failed to adjust their speed of responding after making an error. Exploring the error-related potentials revealed that the error-related negativity (ERN) was the same for the two groups, but that children with ADHD showed a diminished error positivity (Pe). Conclusions: Based on these findings, we conclude that children with ADHD are normal in early error monitoring processes related to error detection, but show abnormal response strategy adjustments and are deviant in later error monitoring processes associated with the subjective/emotional, conscious evaluation of the error.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achenbach TM, Edelbrock CS (1983) Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
Achenbach TM, Edelbrock CS (1986) Manual for the Teacher’s Report Form and Teacher Version of the Child Behavior Profile. Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. APA, Washington, DC
RA Barkley (1997) ArticleTitleBehavioral inhibition, sustained attention and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull 121 65–94 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 Occurrence Handle9000892
PS Bernstein MK Scheffers MGH Coles (1995) ArticleTitleWhere did I go wrong? A psychophysiological analysis of error detection. J Exp Psychol: Hum Percept Perform 21 1312–1322 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0096-1523.21.6.1312
E Bisiach M Mini R Sterzi G Vallar (1982) ArticleTitleHemispheric lateralization of the decisional stage in choice reaction times to visual unstructured stimuli. Cortex 18 191–198 Occurrence Handle7128169
G Bush JA Frazier SL Rauch et al. (1999) ArticleTitleAnterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revelaed by fMRI and the counting stroop. Biol Psychiatry 45 1542–1552 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00083-9 Occurrence Handle10376114
G Bush PJ Whalen BR Rosen MA Jenike SC McInerney SL Rauch (1998) ArticleTitleThe counting stroop: an interference task specialized for functional neuroimaging – validation study with functional MRI. Hum Brain Mapp 6 270–282 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1998)6:4<270::AID-HBM6>3.0.CO;2-0 Occurrence Handle9704265
G Bush P Luu MI Posner (2000) ArticleTitleCognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 4 215–222 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01483-2 Occurrence Handle10827444
CS Carter TS Braver DM Barch MM Botvinick D Noll JD Cohen (1998) ArticleTitleAnterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Sci 280 747–749 Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.280.5364.747
MGH Coles MK Scheffers CB Holroyd (2001) ArticleTitleWhy is there an ERN/Ne on correct trials? Response representations, stimulus components, and the theory of error processing. Biol Psychol 56 173–189 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0301-0511(01)00076-X Occurrence Handle11399349
S Dehaene MI Posner DM Tucker (1994) ArticleTitleLocalization of a neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychol Sci 5 303–305
AJ Fallgatter AC Ehlis J Seifert et al. (2004) ArticleTitleAltered response control and anterior cingulate function in anttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder boys. Clin Neurophysiol 115 973–981 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.clinph.2003.11.036 Occurrence Handle15003781
Falkenstein M, Hohnsbein J, Hoormann J, Blanke L (1990) Effects of errors in choice reaction tasks on the ERP under focused and divided attention. In: Brunia CHM, Gaillard AWK, Kok A (eds) Psychophysiological brain research. University Press, Tilburg, pp 192–195
M Falkenstein J Hohnsbein J Hoormann L Blanke (1991) ArticleTitleEffects of crossmodal divided attention on late ERP components. II. Error processing in choice reaction tasks. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 78 447–455 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0013-4694(91)90062-9 Occurrence Handle1712280
Falkenstein M, Hohnsbein J, Hoormann J (1995) Event-related potential correlates of errors in reaction tasks. In: Karmos G, Molnar M, Scépe V, Czigler I, Desmedt JE (eds) Perspectives of event-related potentials research. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 287–296
M Falkenstein J Hoormann J Hohnsbein (1999) ArticleTitleERP components in Go/No-Go tasks and their relation to inhibition. Acta Psychol 101 267–291 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0001-6918(99)00008-6
M Falkenstein J Hoormann S Christ J Hohnsbein (2000) ArticleTitleERP components on reaction errors and their functional significance: a tutorial. Biol Psychol 51 87–107 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0301-0511(99)00031-9 Occurrence Handle10686361
WJ Gehring MGH Coles DE Meyer E Donchin (1990) ArticleTitleThe error-related negativity: an event-related brain potential accompanying errors (abstract). Psychophysiology 27 S34
WJ Gehring DE Fencsik (2001) ArticleTitleFunctions of the medial frontal cortex in the processing of conflict and errors. J Neurosci 21 9430–9437 Occurrence Handle11717376
WJ Gehring RT Knight (2000) ArticleTitlePrefrontal-cingulate interactions in action monitoring. Nat Neurosci 3 516–520 Occurrence Handle10.1038/74899 Occurrence Handle10769394
WJ Gehring B Goss MGH Coles DE Meyer E Donchin (1993) ArticleTitleA neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychol Sci 4 385–390
WJ Gehring J Himle LG Nisenson (2000) ArticleTitleAction-monitoring dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Sci 11 1–6 Occurrence Handle10.1111/1467-9280.00206 Occurrence Handle11228836
H Gemba K Sasakik VB Brooks (1986) ArticleTitleError potentials in limbic cortex (anterior cingulate area-24) of monkeys during motor learning. Neurosci Lett 70 223–227 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0304-3940(86)90467-2 Occurrence Handle3774229
GE Gignac PA Vernon (2004) ArticleTitleReaction time and the dominant and non-dominant hands: an extension of Hick’s law. Pers Indiv Differ 36 733–739 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00133-8
PS Goldman-Rakic (1988) ArticleTitleTopography of cognition: parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex. Ann Rev Neurosci 11 137–156 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.001033 Occurrence Handle3284439
G Gratton MGH Coles E Donchin (1983) ArticleTitleA new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 55 468–484 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0013-4694(83)90135-9 Occurrence Handle6187540
G Hajcak N McDonald RF Simons (2003) ArticleTitleTo err is autonomic: error-related brain potentials, ANS activity, and post-error compensatory behavior. Psychophysiology 40 895–903 Occurrence Handle10.1111/1469-8986.00107 Occurrence Handle14986842
CB Holroyd MG Coles (2002) ArticleTitleThe neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychol Rev 109 679–709 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0033-295X.109.4.679 Occurrence Handle12374324
CB Holroyd J Dien MGH Coles (1998) ArticleTitleError-related scalp potentials elicited by hand and foot movements: evidence for an output independent error-processing system in humans. Neurosci Lett 242 65–68 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00035-4 Occurrence Handle9533395
K Kiehl P Liddle J Hopfinger (2000) ArticleTitleError processing and the rostral anterior cingulate: an event-related fMRI study. Psychophysiology 37 216–223 Occurrence Handle10.1017/S0048577200990231 Occurrence Handle10731771
DA Krusch R Klorman JT Brumaghim PA Fitzpatrick AD Borgstedt J Strauss (1996) ArticleTitleMethylphenidate slows reactions of children with attention deficit disorder during and after an error. J Abnorm Child Psychol 24 633–650 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01670104 Occurrence Handle8956088
KR Laurens ETC Ngan AT Bates KA Kiehl PF Liddle (2003) ArticleTitleRostral cingulate cortex dysfunction during error processing in schizophrenia. Brain 126 610–622 Occurrence Handle10.1093/brain/awg056 Occurrence Handle12566282
P Luu T Flaisch DM Tucker (2000) ArticleTitleMedial frontal cortex in action monitoring. J Neurosci 20 464–469 Occurrence Handle10627622
T Marcel L Katz M Smith (1974) ArticleTitleLaterality and reading proficiency. Neuorops 12 131–139 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0028-3932(74)90034-7
DH Mathalon M Fedor WO Faustman M Gray N Askari JM Ford (2002) ArticleTitleResponse monitoring dysfunction in schizophrenia: an event related brain potential study. J Abnorm Psychol 111 22–41 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0021-843X.111.1.22 Occurrence Handle11866176
WHR Miltner CH Braun MGH Coles (1997) ArticleTitleEvent-related brain potentials following incorrect feedback in a time-estimation task: evidence for a “generic” neural system for error detection. J Cogn Neurosci 9 788–798
S Nieuwenhuis K Ridderinkhof J Blom GPH Band A Kok (2001) ArticleTitleError-related brain potentials are differentially related to awareness of response errors: evidence from an antisaccade task. Psychophysiology 38 752–760 Occurrence Handle10.1017/S0048577201001111 Occurrence Handle11577898
Oosterlaan J, Scheres A, Antrop I, Roeyers H, Sergeant J (2000) Vragenlijst Voor Gedragsproblemen bij Kinderen (VvGK). Nederlandse bewerking van de Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale [Dutch translation of the Disruptive Behavior Ratings Scale]. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse
WE Pelham EM Gnagy KE Greenslade R Milich (1992) ArticleTitleTeacher ratings of DSM-III-r symptoms for disruptive behavior disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31 210–218 Occurrence Handle1564021
HC Quay (1997) ArticleTitleInhibition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 25 7–13 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1025799122529 Occurrence Handle9093895
SM Quintana SE Maxwell (1994) ArticleTitleA Monte Carlo comparison of seven ɛ-adjustment procedures in repeated measures designs with sample sample sizes. J Educ Stat 19 57–71
PMA Rabbitt (1966) ArticleTitleErrors and error correction in choice reaction tasks. J Exp Psychol 71 264–272 Occurrence Handle5948188
PMA Rabbitt (1967) ArticleTitleThree kinds of error-signalling responses in a serial choice task. Quart J Exp Psychol 20 179–188
RJ Schachar S Chen GD Logan et al. (2004) ArticleTitleEvidence for an error monitoring deficit in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 32 285–293 Occurrence Handle10.1023/B:JACP.0000026142.11217.f2 Occurrence Handle15228177
MK Scheffers MGH Coles P Bernstein WJ Gehring E Donchin (1996) ArticleTitleEvent-related brain potentials and error-related processing: an analysis of incorrect responses to Go and No-Go stimuli. Psychophysiology 33 42–53 Occurrence Handle8570794
Segalowitz SJ, Davies PL, Santesso D, Gavin WJ, Schmidt LA (2003) The development of the error negativity in children and adolescents. In: Ullsperger M, Falkenstein M (eds) Errors, conflicts, and the brain: current opinions on performance monitoring. MPI of Cognitive Neuroscience, Leipzig
JA Sergeant JJ van der Meere (1988) ArticleTitleWhat happens after a hyperactive commits an error? Psychiatr Res 24 157–164 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0165-1781(88)90058-3
JA Sergeant H Geurts S Huijbregts A Scheres J Oosterlaan (2003) ArticleTitleThe top and the bottom of ADHD: a neuropsychological perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 583–592 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.004 Occurrence Handle14624803
D Shaffer P Fisher CP Lucas MK Dulcan ME Schwab-Stone (2000) ArticleTitleNIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39 28–38 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00004583-200001000-00014 Occurrence Handle10638065
EJS Sonuga-Barke (2002) ArticleTitleThe dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 593–604 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.005
J Steger K Imhof HC Steinhausen D Brandeis (2000) ArticleTitleBrain mapping of bilateral interactions in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and control boys. Clin Neurophysiol 111 1141–1156 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00311-4 Occurrence Handle10880787
M Ullsperger DY von Cramon (2001) ArticleTitleSubprocesses of performance monitoring: a dissociation of error processing and response competition revealed by event-related fMRI and ERPs. Neuroimage 14 1387–1401 Occurrence Handle10.1006/nimg.2001.0935 Occurrence Handle11707094
Van der Meere JJ (2002) The role of attention. In: Sandberg S (ed) Monographs on child and adolescent psychiatry. Hyperactivity disorders, 2nd edn. University Press, Cambridge
Van der Meere JJ (2004) State regulation and ADHD. In: Gozal D, Molfese D (eds) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: from genes to animal models to patients. Humana Press, New York (in press)
V Van Veen CS Carter (2002) ArticleTitleThe timing of action-monitoring processes in the anterior cingulate cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 14 593–602 Occurrence Handle10.1162/08989290260045837 Occurrence Handle12126500
F Vidal T Hasbroucq J Grapperon M Bonnet (2000) ArticleTitleIs the ‘error negativity’ specific of errors? Biol Psychol 51 109–128 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0301-0511(99)00032-0 Occurrence Handle10686362
Vogt BA (1993) Structural organization of cingulate cortex: areas, neurons, and somatodendritic transmitter receptors. In: Vogt BA, Gabriel M (eds) Neurobiology of cingulate cortex and limbic thalamus: a comprehensive handbook. Boston, Birkhauser, pp 19–70
PJ Whalen G Bush RJ McNally et al. (1998) ArticleTitleThe emotional counting Stroop paradigm: a functional magnetic resonance imaging probe of the anterior cingulated affective division. Biol Psychiatry 44 1219–1228 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00251-0 Occurrence Handle9861465
Wiersema JR, van der Meere JJ, Roeyers H (2005a) Developmental changes in state regulation, response inhibition and error processing: an event-related potential study (submitted)
Wiersema JR, van der Meere JJ, Roeyers H, Van Coster R, Baeyens D (2005b) State regulation and event-related potentials in ADHD (submitted)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wiersema, J., van der Meere, J. & Roeyers, H. ERP correlates of impaired error monitoring in children with ADHD. J Neural Transm 112, 1417–1430 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-005-0276-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-005-0276-6