Influence of age on clinical and immunological characteristics of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyse the immunological and clinical characteristics of a group of patients at the onset of type 1 diabetes and to determine if these findings are age related. For this purpose, 68 newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus patients referred to our hospital between 1997 and 1999 were studied; 42 were adults (mean age 24±3.5 years) and 26 children (mean age 6.1±4 years). Autoantibody markers islet cell antibodies, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) and tyrosine phosphatase antibodies (IA-2A), pancreatic reserve (glucagon test) and HbA_1c were determined. Some clinical characteristics, such as mode of presentation and insulin requirements, were also analysed. Type 1 diabetes mellitus was found to be autoimmune in 83.8% of the patients and idiopathic in 16.2%, without significant differences between adults and children. In the whole autoimmune group, GADA was more prevent in adults and IA-2A more frequent in children. On the other hand, adults showing autoimmune markers developed ketosis more frequently and needed higher insulin doses at diagnosis, while children did not exhibit clinically significant differences associated with the presence or absence of antibodies. In conclusion, in children the presence of autoimmune markers is not related to the mode of presentation or characteristics of type 1 diabetes. In adults, however, the autoimmune group presents with more-severe clinical disease than antibody negative patients. Age at onset seems to be an important parameter in the natural history of type 1 diabetes and must be taken into account in epidemiological or intervention studies.