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Cytokine gene variations associated with trait and state anxiety in oncology patients and their family caregivers

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Abstract

Purpose

Anxiety is common among cancer patients and their family caregivers (FCs) and is associated with poorer outcomes. Recently, associations between inflammation and anxiety were identified. However, the relationship between variations in cytokine genes and anxiety warrants investigation. Therefore, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics associated with trait and state anxiety were evaluated in a sample of 167 oncology patients with breast, prostate, lung, or brain cancer and 85 of their FCs.

Methods

Using multiple regression analyses, the associations between participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics as well as variations in cytokine genes and trait and state anxiety were evaluated.

Results

In the bivariate analyses, a number of phenotypic characteristics were associated with both trait and state anxiety (e.g., age, functional status). However, some associations were specific only to trait anxiety (e.g., number of comorbid conditions) or state anxiety (e.g., participation with a FC). Variations in three cytokine genes (i.e., interleukin (IL) 1 beta, IL1 receptor 2 (IL1R2), nuclear factor kappa beta 2 (NFKB2)) were associated with trait anxiety, and variations in two genes (i.e., IL1R2, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA)) were associated with state anxiety.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that both trait and state anxiety need to be assessed in oncology patients and their FCs. Furthermore, variations in cytokine genes may contribute to higher levels of anxiety in oncology patients and their FCs.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR, NR04835) and partially supported by an Oncology Nursing Society Research Fellowship Award to JKC, an American Cancer Society (ACS) Mentored Research Scholar Grant (MRSG-12-01-PCSM) to CRB, and a University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Academic Senate Grant to LBD and BEA. CM is funded by the ACS as a Clinical Research Professor and a K05 award from the National Cancer Institute (CA168960). AD is funded through NIH Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23 AT 005340). DJL is supported by a Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program Postdoctoral Fellowship. JDM is supported by a NINR postdoctoral fellowship in Cancer Survivorship Research (T32NR011972). The funders have no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

None of the authors have a financial relationship with the organization that sponsored the research. The authors have full control of all of the primary data and we agree to allow the journal to review it if requested.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Christine Miaskowski, Janine K. Cataldo, Christina R. Baggott, Claudia West, Dale J. Langford, Kord M. Kober, Steven M. Paul, Bruce A. Cooper & Bradley E. Aouizerat

  2. School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Laura B. Dunn & Anand Dhruva

  3. School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    John D. Merriman

  4. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Bradley E. Aouizerat

  5. Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, 2 Koret Way, N631Y, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0610, USA

    Christine Miaskowski

Authors
  1. Christine Miaskowski
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  2. Janine K. Cataldo
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  3. Christina R. Baggott
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  4. Claudia West
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  5. Laura B. Dunn
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  6. Anand Dhruva
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  7. John D. Merriman
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  8. Dale J. Langford
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  9. Kord M. Kober
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  10. Steven M. Paul
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  11. Bruce A. Cooper
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  12. Bradley E. Aouizerat
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christine Miaskowski.

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Miaskowski, C., Cataldo, J.K., Baggott, C.R. et al. Cytokine gene variations associated with trait and state anxiety in oncology patients and their family caregivers. Support Care Cancer 23, 953–965 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2443-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2443-5

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