Abstract
Congenital or acquired cerebellum alterations are associated with a complex pattern of motor, cognitive and social disorders. These disturbances may reflect the involvement of the cerebellum in generating and updating the internal models that sub-serve-the prediction of sensory events. Here, we tested whether the cerebellar involvement in using contextual expectations to interpret ambiguous sensory sceneries is specific for social actions or also extends to physical events. We applied anodic, cathodic and sham cerebellar transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (ctDCS) to modulate the performance of an adult sample in two tasks requiring the prediction of social actions or moving shapes. For both tasks, in an earlier implicit-learning phase (familiarization), we manipulated the probability of co-occurrence between a particular action/shape and contextual elements, which could provide either strongly or moderately informative expectations. The use of these expectations was then tested when participants had to predict the unfolding of temporally occluded videos, in situations of perceptual uncertainty (testing). Results showed that in the testing, but not in the familiarization phase, cathodic as compared to anodic and sham ctDCS hindered participants’ sensitivity in predicting actions embedded in strongly, but not moderately, informative contexts. Conversely, anodic as compared to sham ctDCS boosted the prediction of actions embedded in moderately, but not strongly, informative contexts. We observed no ctDCS effects for the shape prediction task, thus pointing to a specific involvement of the cerebellum in forming expectations related to social events. Our results encourage the exploration of rehabilitative effects of ctDCS in patients with social perception deficits.
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The datasets generated during and analysed during the current study are available in the OSF repository, https://osf.io/vg2nt/?view_only=0e3a4b975f5847288e33d68162720a54.
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Funding
This work was supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Health (Bando Ricerca Finalizzata, Prot. GR-2016-02363640; to C.U.; Ricerca Corrente 2020, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea; to A.F.) and by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (PRIN 2017, Prot. 2017N7WCLP; to C.U.).
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AF and CU contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection was performed by VO, EF and NB. Data analysis were carried out by VO, EF, NB and AF. The first draft of the manuscript was written by VO and AF. CU, ZC and RB contributed to writing and editing. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Oldrati, V., Ferrari, E., Butti, N. et al. How social is the cerebellum? Exploring the effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on the prediction of social and physical events. Brain Struct Funct 226, 671–684 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02198-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02198-0