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Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research 5/2019

15-09-2017 | Original Article

Ironic capture: top-down expectations exacerbate distraction in visual search

Auteurs: Greg Huffman, Jason Rajsic, Jay Pratt

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 5/2019

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Abstract

Ironic processing refers to the phenomenon where attempting to resist doing something results in a person doing that very thing. Here, we report three experiments investigating the role of ironic processing in visual search. In Experiment 1, we informed observers that they could predict the location of a salient color singleton in a visual search task and found that response times were slower in that condition than in a condition where the singleton’s location was random. Experiment 2 used the same experimental design but did not inform participants of the color singleton’s behavior. Experiment 3 showed that the cost in the predictable condition was not due to dual task costs or block order effects and participants attempting to use the strategy showed a larger cost in the predictable condition than those who abandoned using that location foreknowledge. In this case, responses in the predictable color singleton condition were equivalent with the random color singleton condition. This suggests that having more knowledge about an upcoming, salient distractor ironically increases its interfering influence on performance.
Voetnoten
1
In the no additional singleton case, a switch is when all the display items changed color from the previous trial.
 
2
There was a marginal main effect of color repeat/switch, F(3,42) = 3.316, p = 0.090, \(\eta_{p}^{2}\) = 0.191, with mean RTs being 7 ms slower on switch compared to repeat trials, consistent with previous work (Becker, 2007).
 
3
Of course, this hypothesis also assumes that the effect is phenomenologically valid. In our experience of testing the experimental program, we found that this was case, though we have much more experience with these tasks than our participants do. Anecdotal conversations during participant debriefing, however, suggested that participants experienced the same costs.
 
4
Color repeat/switch main effect, F(3,42) = 2.599, p = 0.129, \(\eta_{p}^{2}\) = 0.157.
 
5
Thank you to an anonymous reviewer for this suggestion.
 
6
This is not say that there is no inhibitory component of spatial attention. A number of studies have reported evidence of inhibitory mechanisms (Gaspelin, Leonard, & Luck, 2015; 2017; Gaspar & McDonald, 2014; Sawaki & Luck, 2010). Our argument, however, is that these inhibitory mechanisms are not, at least within the given task, capable of being used intentionally. That is, the observers could not voluntarily inhibit an areas of space in advance of to-be-attended stimuli.
 
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Metagegevens
Titel
Ironic capture: top-down expectations exacerbate distraction in visual search
Auteurs
Greg Huffman
Jason Rajsic
Jay Pratt
Publicatiedatum
15-09-2017
Uitgeverij
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in
Psychological Research / Uitgave 5/2019
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0917-z

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