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A clinical investigation of psychotic vulnerability in early-onset Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder through Cognitive–Perceptive basic symptoms

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Abstract

Childhood-onset Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) shows distinct comorbidity patterns and developmental pathways, as well as an increased risk of psychosis with respect to adult-onset forms. Nevertheless, little is known about the prodromal symptoms of psychosis in children and adolescents with a primary diagnosis of OCD. The present study was aimed at evaluating the occurrence of Cognitive–Perceptual basic symptoms (COPER) and high- risk criterion Cognitive Disturbances (COGDIS) in pediatric and adults OCD patients, verifying if they might vary according to the age of onset of OCD. The study included 90 outpatients with a primary diagnosis of obsessive–compulsive disorder. The study sample was collapsed into three groups according to the age at onset: 1) very early onset group (< 10 years); 2) early onset group (11–18 years); 3) adult-onset group (> 18 years). All patients were administered the Yale-Brown Obsessive- Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and its Child version (CY-BOCS), the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument-Adult (SPIA) and its Child and Adolescent version (SPI-CY) and the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS). COPER and COGDIS symptoms were positively associated with OCD severity and detectable, respectively, in 28.9 and 26.7% of our study sample. The very early onset group significantly had higher COPER and COGDIS symptoms than the adult-onset group. Our data suggest that COPER and COGDIS symptoms are frequent in obsessive patients, in particular in those with earlier onset; therefore, their detection in childhood-onset OCD may represent an early and specific indicator of psychotic vulnerability.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from MT.

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  1. Department of Medicine and Surgery, PsychiatryUnit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy

    Davide Fausto Borrelli, Andrea Provettini, Chiara Morabito, Laura Dell’Uva, Carlo Marchesi & Matteo Tonna

  2. Department of Mental Health, Local Health Service, Parma, Italy

    Rebecca Ottoni, Carlo Marchesi & Matteo Tonna

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Contributions

DFB, AP, CM, and LDU conceived the idea, selected the patients, collected the data, undertook the statistical analyses, managed the literature searches, and wrote the first manuscript. RO designed the study and administered the Y-BOCS, C-YBOCS, SPI-A, and SPI-CY scales to patients. CM and MT supervised each working step, guided the work, and revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

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Correspondence to Davide Fausto Borrelli.

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All the procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Local Institutional Ethics Committee of Area Vasta Emilia Nord (AVEN, Emilia-Romagna region, approved on 06/10/2020).

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Borrelli, D.F., Ottoni, R., Provettini, A. et al. A clinical investigation of psychotic vulnerability in early-onset Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder through Cognitive–Perceptive basic symptoms. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 274, 195–205 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-022-01543-0

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