Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Mapping health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI) score, pain visual analog scale (VAS), and disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28) onto the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) utility score with the KORean Observational study Network for Arthritis (KORONA) registry data

  • Original Article - Validation Studies
  • Published:
Rheumatology International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of this study was to estimate the mapping model for EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) utility values using the health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI), pain visual analog scale (VAS), and disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28) in a large, nationwide cohort of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in Korea. The KORean Observational study Network for Arthritis (KORONA) registry data on 3557 patients with RA were used. Data were randomly divided into a modeling set (80 % of the data) and a validation set (20 % of the data). The ordinary least squares (OLS), Tobit, and two-part model methods were employed to construct a model to map to the EQ-5D index. Using a combination of HAQ-DI, pain VAS, and DAS28, four model versions were examined. To evaluate the predictive accuracy of the models, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) were calculated using the validation dataset. A model that included HAQ-DI, pain VAS, and DAS28 produced the highest adjusted R 2 as well as the lowest Akaike information criterion, RMSE, and MAE, regardless of the statistical methods used in modeling set. The mapping equation of the OLS method is given as EQ-5D = 0.95−0.21 × HAQ-DI−0.24 × pain VAS/100–0.01 × DAS28 (adjusted R 2 = 57.6 %, RMSE = 0.1654 and MAE = 0.1222). Also in the validation set, the RMSE and MAE were shown to be the smallest. The model with HAQ-DI, pain VAS, and DAS28 showed the best performance, and this mapping model enabled the estimation of an EQ-5D value for RA patients in whom utility values have not been measured.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Adams R, Walsh C, Veale D, Bresnihan B, FitzGerald O, Barry M (2010) Understanding the relationship between the EQ-5D, SF-6D, HAQ and disease activity in inflammatory arthritis. Pharmacoeconomics 28(6):477–487. doi:10.2165/11533010-000000000-00000

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kontodimopoulos N, Bozios P, Yfantopoulos J, Niakas D (2013) Longitudinal predictive ability of mapping models: examining post-intervention EQ-5D utilities derived from baseline MHAQ data in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Eur J Health Econ 14(2):307–314. doi:10.1007/s10198-012-0376-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. The EuroQol Group (1990) EuroQol–a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 16(3):199–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Brazier J, Roberts J, Deverill M (2002) The estimation of a preference-based measure of health from the SF-36. J Health Econ 21(2):271–292

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Feeny D, Furlong W, Torrance GW, Goldsmith CH, Zhu Z, DePauw S, Denton M, Boyle M (2002) Multiattribute and single-attribute utility functions for the health utilities index mark 3 system. Med Care 40(2):113–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, McShane DJ, Fries JF, Cooper NS, Healey LA, Kaplan SR, Liang MH, Luthra HS et al (1988) The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31(3):315–324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Prevoo ML, Van’t Hof MA, Kuper HH, van Leeuwen MA, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL (1995) Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 38(1):44–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Fries JF, Spitz P, Kraines RG, Holman HR (1980) Measurement of patient outcome in arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 23(2):137–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chen YF, Jobanputra P, Barton P, Jowett S, Bryan S, Clark W, Fry-Smith A, Burls A (2006) A systematic review of the effectiveness of adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in adults and an economic evaluation of their cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess 10 (42):iii–iv, xi–xiii, 1–229

  10. Aletaha D, Landewe R, Karonitsch T, Bathon J, Boers M, Bombardier C, Bombardieri S, Choi H, Combe B, Dougados M, Emery P, Gomez-Reino J, Keystone E, Koch G, Kvien TK, Martin-Mola E, Matucci-Cerinic M, Michaud K, O’Dell J, Paulus H, Pincus T, Richards P, Simon L, Siegel J, Smolen JS, Sokka T, Strand V, Tugwell P, van der Heijde D, van Riel P, Vlad S, van Vollenhoven R, Ward M, Weinblatt M, Wells G, White B, Wolfe F, Zhang B, Zink A, Felson D (2008) Reporting disease activity in clinical trials of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: EULAR/ACR collaborative recommendations. Ann Rheum Dis 67(10):1360–1364. doi:10.1136/ard.2008.091454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Pease C, Pope JE, Truong D, Bombardier C, Widdifield J, Thorne JC, Paul Haraoui B, Psaradellis E, Sampalis J, Bonner A (2011) Comparison of anti-TNF treatment initiation in rheumatoid arthritis databases demonstrates wide country variability in patient parameters at initiation of anti-TNF therapy. Semin Arthritis Rheum 41(1):81–89. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2010.09.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Won S, Sung YK, Cho SK, Choi CB, Koh E, Kim SK, Kim J, Kim TH, Kim HA, Nah SS, Bang SY, Suh CH, Shim SC, Yoo DH, Yoon BY, Lee SH, Lee SW, Lee SS, Lee YA, Lee JJ, Lee JS, Lee HS, Lim MK, Jun JB, Jeon CH, Jung YO, Chung WT, Cha HS, Choe JY, Hong SJ, Bae SC (2014) Prediction for TNF inhibitor users in RA patients according to reimbursement criteria based on DAS28 (In Korean). J Rheum Dis 21(2):64–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hernandez Alava M, Wailoo A, Wolfe F, Michaud K (2013) The relationship between EQ-5D, HAQ and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 52(5):944–950. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kes400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Payakachat N, Summers KH, Pleil AM, Murawski MM, Thomas J 3rd, Jennings K, Anderson JG (2009) Predicting EQ-5D utility scores from the 25-item National Eye Institute Vision Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ 25) in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Qual Life Res 18(7):801–813. doi:10.1007/s11136-009-9499-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Longworth L, Rowen D (2013) Mapping to obtain EQ-5D utility values for use in NICE health technology assessments. Value Health 16(1):202–210. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2012.10.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Brazier JE, Yang Y, Tsuchiya A, Rowen DL (2010) A review of studies mapping (or cross walking) non-preference based measures of health to generic preference-based measures. Eur J Health Econ 11(2):215–225. doi:10.1007/s10198-009-0168-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bansback NJ, Brennan A, Ghatnekar O (2005) Cost effectiveness of adalimumab in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis in Sweden. Ann Rheum Dis 64(7):995–1002. doi:10.1136/ard.2004.027565

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Brennan A, Bansback N, Reynolds A, Conway P (2004) Modelling the cost-effectiveness of etanercept in adults with rheumatoid arthritis in the UK. Rheumatol (Oxford) 43(1):62–72. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keg451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Diamantopoulos A, Benucci M, Capri S, Berger W, Wintfeld N, Giuliani G, Ricciardi W (2012) Economic evaluation of tocilizumab combination in the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis in Italy. J Med Econ 15(3):576–585. doi:10.3111/13696998.2012.665110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Tanno M, Nakamura I, Ito K, Tanaka H, Ohta H, Kobayashi M, Tachihara A, Nagashima M, Yoshino S, Nakajima A (2006) Modeling and cost-effectiveness analysis of etanercept in adults with rheumatoid arthritis in Japan: a preliminary analysis. Mod Rheumatol 16(2):77–84. doi:10.1007/s10165-006-0461-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Carreño A, Fernández I, Badia X, Varela C, Roset M (2011) Using HAQ-DI to estimate HUI-3 and EQ-5D utility values for patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Spain. Value Health 14(1):192–200. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2010.11.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hernandez Alava M, Wailoo AJ, Ara R (2012) Tails from the peak district: adjusted limited dependent variable mixture models of EQ-5D questionnaire health state utility values. Value Health 15(3):550–561. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2011.12.014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Wolfe F, Michaud K, Wallenstein G (2010) Scale characteristics and mapping accuracy of the US EQ-5D, UK EQ-5D, and SF-6D in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 37(8):1615–1625. doi:10.3899/jrheum.100043

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chiu YM, Lai MS, Lin HY, Lang HC, Lee LJ, Wang JD (2014) Disease activity affects all domains of quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and is modified by disease duration. Clin Exp Rheumatol 32(6):898–903

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cho SK, Kim D, Jun JB, Bae SC, Sung YK (2013) Factors influencing quality of life (QOL) for Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Rheumatol Int 33(1):93–102. doi:10.1007/s00296-011-2352-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lubetkin EI, Jia H, Franks P, Gold MR (2005) Relationship among sociodemographic factors, clinical conditions, and health-related quality of life: examining the EQ-5D in the U.S. general population. Qual Life Res 14(10):2187–2196. doi:10.1007/s11136-005-8028-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Sung YK, Cho SK, Choi CB, Park SY, Shim J, Ahn JK, Bang SY, Cha HS, Choe JY, Chung WT, Her M, Hong SJ, Hong YK, Joung CI, Jun JB, Jung YO, Kang YM, Kim DY, Kim HR, Kim HA, Kim J, Kim SK, Kim SI, Kim TH, Kim TJ, Koh E, Lee CK, Lee HS, Lee J, Lee SH, Lee SH, Lee SS, Lee SW, Lee YA, Nah SS, Park SH, Sheen DH, Shim SC, Gyu Song G, Suh CH, Uhm WS, Yoo DH, Yoo WH, Yoon BY, Bae SC (2012) Korean observational study network for arthritis (KORONA): establishment of a prospective multicenter cohort for rheumatoid arthritis in South Korea. Semin Arthritis Rheum 41(6):745–751. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.09.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sung YK, Cho SK, Choi CB, Bae SC (2013) Prevalence and incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in South Korea. Rheumatol Int 33(6):1525–1532. doi:10.1007/s00296-012-2590-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kim MH, Cho YS, Uhm WS, Kim S, Bae SC (2005) Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Korean version of the EQ-5D in patients with rheumatic diseases. Qual Life Res 14(5):1401–1406

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Bae SC, Cook EF, Kim SY (1998) Psychometric evaluation of a Korean health assessment questionnaire for clinical research. J Rheumatol 25(10):1975–1979

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M (2011) Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and measure of intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain (ICOAP). Arthritis Care Res 63(S11):S240–S252. doi:10.1002/acr.20543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Anderson J, Caplan L, Yazdany J, Robbins ML, Neogi T, Michaud K, Saag KG, O’Dell JR, Kazi S (2012) Rheumatoid arthritis disease activity measures: American College of Rheumatology recommendations for use in clinical practice. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 64(5):640–647. doi:10.1002/acr.21649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Fransen J, Stucki G, van Riel PLCM (2003) Rheumatoid arthritis measures: Disease Activity Score (DAS), Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28), Rapid Assessment of Disease Activity in Rheumatology (RADAR), and Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (RADAI). Arthritis Care Res 49(S5):S214–S224. doi:10.1002/art.11407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Castrejon I, Ortiz AM, Garcia-Vicuna R, Lopez-Bote JP, Humbria A, Carmona L, Gonzalez-Alvaro I (2008) Are the C-reactive protein values and erythrocyte sedimentation rate equivalent when estimating the 28-joint disease activity score in rheumatoid arthritis? Clin Exp Rheumatol 26(5):769–775

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Mela CF, Kopalle PK, Mela CF, Kopalle PK, Mela C, Kopalle P, Mela CF, Kopalle PK (2002) The impact of collinearity on regression analysis: the asymmetric effect of negative and positive correlations. Appl Econ 34(6):667

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Yang Y, Wong MY, Lam CL, Wong CK (2014) Improving the mapping of condition-specific health-related quality of life onto SF-6D score. Qual Life Res. doi:10.1007/s11136-014-0668-x

    Google Scholar 

  37. Longworth L, Yang Y, Young T, Mulhern B, Hernandez Alava M, Mukuria C, Rowen D, Tosh J, Tsuchiya A, Evans P, Devianee Keetharuth A, Brazier J (2014) Use of generic and condition-specific measures of health-related quality of life in NICE decision-making: a systematic review, statistical modelling and survey. Health Technol Assess 18(9):1–224. doi:10.3310/hta18090

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Dakin H, Gray A, Murray D (2013) Mapping analyses to estimate EQ-5D utilities and responses based on Oxford Knee Score. Qual Life Res 22(3):683–694. doi:10.1007/s11136-012-0189-4

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Huang IC, Frangakis C, Atkinson MJ, Willke RJ, Leite WL, Vogel WB, Wu AW (2008) Addressing ceiling effects in health status measures: a comparison of techniques applied to measures for people with HIV disease. Health Serv Res 43(1 Pt 1):327–339. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00745.x

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Longworth L, Rowen D (2011) NICE DSU Technical Support Document 10: The use of mapping methods to estimate health state utility values

  41. Burnham KP, Anderson (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference, 2nd edn. Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/b97636

    Google Scholar 

  42. Wagenmakers EJ, Farrell S (2004) AIC model selection using Akaike weights. Psychon Bull Rev 11(1):192–196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kim SH, Jo M-W, Kim H-J, Ahn J-H (2012) Mapping EORTC QLQ-C30 onto EQ-5D for the assessment of cancer patients. Health Qual Life Outcomes 10(1):151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Hernandez Alava M, Wailoo A, Wolfe F, Michaud K (2014) A comparison of direct and indirect methods for the estimation of health utilities from clinical outcomes. Med Decis Making 34(7):919–930. doi:10.1177/0272989x13500720

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ota H, Tanno M, Tanaka H, Kobayashi M, Yoshino S (2003) Correlation between the health assessment questionnaire (haq) and utility value in rheumatoid arthritis patients. In: Paper presented at the ISPOR first Asia-Pacific conference, Kobe, Japan

  46. Goldsmith KA, Dyer MT, Buxton MJ, Sharples LD (2010) Mapping of the EQ-5D index from clinical outcome measures and demographic variables in patients with coronary heart disease. Health Qual Life Outcomes 8:54. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-8-54

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Park HA (2013) The Korea national health and nutrition examination survey as a primary data source. Korean J Fam Med 34(2):79. doi:10.4082/kjfm.2013.34.2.79

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. In-depth Analyses of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: the Health Interview and Health Attitude Survey Part (In Korean) (2007). Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (KIHASA) and Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention

  49. Norman R, Cronin P, Viney R, King M, Street D, Ratcliffe J (2009) International comparisons in valuing EQ-5D health states: a review and analysis. Value Health 12(8):1194–1200. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2009.00581.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Pennington B, Davis S (2014) Mapping from the Health Assessment Questionnaire to the EQ-5D: the impact of different algorithms on cost-effectiveness results. Value Health 17(8):762–771. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2014.11.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a Grant from the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (Grant Number: HI10C2020).

Author information

Author notes

    Authors and Affiliations

    1. School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea

      Hye-Lin Kim, Min-Young Lee, Hyun Jin Song, Sun-Young Park & Eui-Kyung Lee

    2. College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

      Hye-Lin Kim

    3. Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, 133-792, Republic of Korea

      Dam Kim, Soo-Kyung Cho, Yoon-Kyoung Sung, Chan-Bum Choi, Jae-Bum Jun, Tae-Hwan Kim, Dae-Hyun Yoo & Sang-Cheol Bae

    4. Clinical Research Center for Rheumatoid Arthritis (CRCRA), Seoul, Republic of Korea

      Dam Kim, Soo-Kyung Cho, Yoon-Kyoung Sung, Chan-Bum Choi, Soyoung Won & Sang-Cheol Bae

    5. Department of Information Statistics, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea

      Eun Jin Jang

    6. Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Republic of Korea

      So-Young Bang & Hye-Soon Lee

    7. Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

      Hoon-Suk Cha & Eunmi Koh

    8. Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea

      Jung-Yoon Choe, Seong-Kyu Kim, Hwajeong Lee & Sung-Hoon Park

    9. Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea

      Won Tae Chung & Sung Won Lee

    10. Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

      Seung-Jae Hong

    11. Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Republic of Korea

      Jinseok Kim

    12. Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea

      Tae-Jong Kim & Shin-Seok Lee

    13. Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

      Jisoo Lee

    14. Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

      Seung-Cheol Shim

    15. Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea

      Bo Young Yoon

    Authors
    1. Hye-Lin Kim
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Dam Kim
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. Eun Jin Jang
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    4. Min-Young Lee
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    5. Hyun Jin Song
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    6. Sun-Young Park
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    7. Soo-Kyung Cho
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    8. Yoon-Kyoung Sung
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    9. Chan-Bum Choi
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    10. Soyoung Won
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    11. So-Young Bang
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    12. Hoon-Suk Cha
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    13. Jung-Yoon Choe
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    14. Won Tae Chung
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    15. Seung-Jae Hong
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    16. Jae-Bum Jun
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    17. Jinseok Kim
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    18. Seong-Kyu Kim
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    19. Tae-Hwan Kim
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    20. Tae-Jong Kim
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    21. Eunmi Koh
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    22. Hwajeong Lee
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    23. Hye-Soon Lee
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    24. Jisoo Lee
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    25. Shin-Seok Lee
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    26. Sung Won Lee
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    27. Sung-Hoon Park
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    28. Seung-Cheol Shim
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    29. Dae-Hyun Yoo
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    30. Bo Young Yoon
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    31. Sang-Cheol Bae
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    32. Eui-Kyung Lee
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Corresponding authors

    Correspondence to Sang-Cheol Bae or Eui-Kyung Lee.

    Ethics declarations

    Conflict of interests

    Hye-Lin Kim, Dam Kim, Eun Jin Jang, Min-Young Lee, Hyun Jin Song, Sun-Young Park, Soo-Kyung Cho, Yoon-Kyoung Sung, Chan-Bum Choi, Soyoung Won, So-Young Bang, Hoon-Suk Cha, Jung-Yoon Choe, Won Tae Chung, Seung-Jae Hong, Jae-Bum Jun, Jinseok Kim, Seong-Kyu Kim, Tae-Hwan Kim, Tae-Jong Kim, Eunmi Koh, Hwajeong Lee, Hye-Soon Lee, Jisoo Lee, Shin-Seok Lee, Sung Won Lee, Sung-Hoon Park, Seung-Cheol Shim, Dae-Hyun Yoo, Bo Young Yoon, Sang-Cheol Bae, and Eui-Kyung Lee declare that they have no conflict of interest.

    Ethical approval

    All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

    Informed consent

    Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

    Additional information

    Hye-Lin Kim and Dam Kim contributed equally to this article as co-first authors.

    Sang-Cheol Bae and Eui-Kyung Lee contributed equally to this article as co-corresponding authors.

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and permissions

    About this article

    Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

    Cite this article

    Kim, HL., Kim, D., Jang, E.J. et al. Mapping health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI) score, pain visual analog scale (VAS), and disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28) onto the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) utility score with the KORean Observational study Network for Arthritis (KORONA) registry data. Rheumatol Int 36, 505–513 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-016-3427-1

    Download citation

    • Received:

    • Accepted:

    • Published:

    • Issue Date:

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-016-3427-1

    Keywords

    Search

    Navigation