Abstract
Socioemotional climate in the family environment is critical to a child’s socioemotional development. This focused literature review examines some central dynamics of that relation, viz. how positive and negative parent-child interactions influence genetic, neurodevelopmental, affective, and behavioral adjustment in children across cultures. Our narrative review of the extant empirical research indicates that, first, socioemotional caregiving experienced in infancy contributes to the postnatal genome and development of the brain in that, for example, early parent-child interactions affect genetic expression and the integrity of white matter neural tracts involved in emotion regulation, social cognition, and behavioral adjustment and presumably do so in culturally common ways. Second, positive parenting (warmth and acceptance) favorably affects child socioemotional adjustment, whereas negative parenting (rejection and punishment) adversely affects child socioemotional adjustment, in specific and fairly consistent ways across cultures. Third, very negative parenting, specifically corporal punishment, anticipates poor child socioemotional behavioral adjustment across cultures. These dynamics are situated in broader caregiving contexts reflecting parent and child gender, parent-child relationship quality, and cultural normativeness. Overall, contemporary research emphasizes the importance of parent-child socioemotional dynamics and cultural interpretation for understanding long-term socioemotional development in human children.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agathonos-Georgopoulou H, Browne KD (1997) The prediction of child maltreatment in Greek families. Child Abuse Negl 21:721–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00034-3
Alexander AL, Lee JE, Lazar M, Field AS (2007) Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain. Neurotherapeutics 4:316–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2007.05.011
Ali S, Khaleque A, Rohner RP (2015) Pancultural gender differences in perceived parental acceptance and psychological adjustment of children and adult offspring: a meta-analytic review of worldwide research. J Cross-Cult Psychol 46:1059–1080. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115597754
Asato MR, Terwilliger R, Woo J, Luna BS (2010) White matter development in adolescence: a DTI study. Cereb Cortex 20:2122–2131. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp282
Bandura A (1969) Principles of behavior modification. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Oxford
Bandura A (1977) Social learning theory. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Bandura A (1978) Social learning theory of aggression. J Commun 28:12–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01621.x
Bandura A (1986) The social learning perspective: mechanisms of aggression. In: Toch H (ed) Psychology of crime and criminal justice. Waveland, Prospect Heights, pp 198–236
Bandura A, Walters RH (1959) Adolescent aggression. Ronald, New York
Baumrind D (1967) Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genet Psychol Monogr 75:43–88
Bava S, Thayer R, Jacobus J, Ward M, Jernigan TL, Tapert SF (2010) Longitudinal characterization of white matter maturation during adolescence. Brain Res 1327:38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.066
Beaulieu C (2002) The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system: a technical review. NMR Biomed 15:435–455. https://doi.org/10.1002/nbm.782
Bengtsson SL, Nagy Z, Skare S, Forsman L, Forssberg H, Ullén F (2005) Extensive piano practicing has regionally specific effects on white matter development. Nat Neurosci 8:1148–1150. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1516
Bick J, Nelson CA (2016) Early adverse experiences and the developing brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 41:177–196. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.252
Bick J, Naumova O, Hunter S, Barbot B, Lee M, Luthar SS, Faefski A, Grigorenko EL (2012) Childhood adversity and DNA methylation of genes involved in the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis and immune system: whole-genome and candidate-gene associations. Dev Psychopathol 24:1417–1425. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000806
Bitensky SH (1998) Spare the rod, embrace our humanity: toward a new legal regime prohibiting corporal punishment of children. Univ Mich J Law Reform 31:353–474
Bookheimer S (2002) Functional MRI of language: new approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing. Annu Rev Neurosci 25:151–188. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142946
Bornstein MH (1989) Sensitive periods in development: structural characteristics and causal interpretations. Psychol Bull 105:179–197. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.2.179
Bornstein MH (1995) Form and function: implications for studies of culture and human development. Cult Psychol 1:123–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X9511009
Bornstein MH, Lansford JE (2010) Parenting. In: Bornstein MH (ed) Handbook of cross-cultural developmental science. Taylor and Francis, Inc, New York, pp 259–277
Bornstein MH, Putnick DL (2018) Parent-adolescent relationships in global perspective. In: Lansford JE, Banati P (eds) Handbook of adolescent development research and its impact on global policy. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 107–129
Bornstein MH, Hahn CS, Haynes OM (2010) Social competence, externalizing, and internalizing behavioral adjustment from early childhood through early adolescence: developmental cascades. Dev Psychopathol 22:717–735. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000416
Bornstein MH, Putnick DL (2016) IV. Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting practices with their daughters and sons in low-and middle-income countries. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 81: 60-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12226
Bornstein MH, Putnick DL, Lansford JE (2011) Parenting attributions and attitudes in cross-cultural perspective. Parent Sci Pract 11:214–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2011.585568
Bornstein MH, Hahn CS, Suwalsky JTD (2013) Developmental pathways among adaptive functioning and externalizing and internalizing behavioral problems: cascades from childhood into adolescence. Appl Dev Sci 17:76–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2013.774875
Bornstein MH, Arterberry ME, Lamb ME (2014) Development in infancy: a contemporary introduction. Psychology, New York
Bornstein MH, Putnick DL, Suwalsky JTD (2017) Parenting cognitions → parenting practices → child adjustment? The standard model. Dev Psychopathol 30:399–416. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000931
Bronfenbrenner U (1979) The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Bronfenbrenner U (1986) Ecology of the family as a context for human development: research perspectives. Dev Psychol 22:723–742. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723
Brown CS, Tam M (2018) Parenting girls and boys. In: Bornstein MH (ed) Handbook of parenting, 3rd edn. Routlege, New York. (in press)
Bushman BJ (2016) Violent media exposure and hostile appraisals: a meta-analytic review. Aggress Behav 42:605–613. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21655
Chung J, Zappulla C, Kaspar V (2008) Parental warmth and socio-emotional adjustment in Brazilian, Canadian, Chinese and Italian children: a cross-cultural perspective. In: Ramirez RN (ed) Family relations, issues, and challenges. Nova Science, New York, pp 21–41
De Bellis MD, Hall J, Boring AM, Frustaci K, Moritz G (2001) A pilot longitudinal study of hippocampal volumes in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 50:305–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01105-2
de Kieviet JF, Zoetebier L, van Elburg RM, Vermeulen RJ, Oosterlaan J (2012) Brain development of very preterm and very low-birthweight children in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 54:313–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04216.x
de Minzi MCR (2006) Loneliness and depression in middle and late childhood: the relationship to attachment and parental styles. J Genet Psychol 167:189–210
de Minzi MCR (2010) Gender and cultural patterns of mothers’ and fathers’ attachment and links with children’s self-competence, depression and loneliness in middle and late childhood. Early Child Dev Care 180:189–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430903415056
de Pisapia N, Serra M, Rigo P, Jager J, Papinutto N, Esposito G, Venuti P, Bornstein MH (2014) Interpersonal competence in young adulthood and right laterality in white matter. J Cogn Neurosci 26:1257–1265. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00534
Deater-Deckard K, Dodge KA (1997) Externalizing behavior problems and discipline revisited: nonlinear effects and variation by culture, context, and gender. Psychol Inq 8:161–175. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0803_1
Deater-Deckard K, Lansford JE, Dodge K, Pettit GS, Bates JE (2003) The development of attitudes about physical punishment: an 8-year longitudinal study. J Fam Psychol 17:351–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.17.3.351
Deater-Deckard K, Lansford JE, Malone PS, Alampay LP, Sorbring E, Bacchini D, Bombi AS, Bornstein MH, Chang L, di Giunta L, Dodge KA, Oburu P, Pastorelli C, Skinner AT, Tapanya S, Tirado LMU, Zelli A, al-Hassan SM (2011) The association between parental warmth and control in thirteen cultural groups. J Fam Psychol 25:790–794. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025120
Dodge KA, Bates JE, Pettit GS (1990) Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science 250:1678–1683. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2270481
Dollard J, Miller NE, Doob LW, Mowrer OH, Sears RR (1939) Frustration and aggression. Yale University Press, New Haven
Dwairy M (2010) Parental acceptance-rejection: a fourth cross-cultural research on parenting and psychological adjustment of children. J Child Fam Stud 19:30–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9338-y
Eagly AH, Wood W, Diekman AB (2000) Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: a current appraisal. In: Eckes T, Trautner HM (eds) The developmental social psychology of gender. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, pp 123–174
Edwards M, Abadie L (2018) NASA twin study confirms preliminary findings. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings
Eiden RD, Colder C, Edwards EP, Leonard KE (2009) A longitudinal study of social competence among children of alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents: role of parental psychopathology, parental warmth, and self-regulation. Psychol Addict Behav 23:36–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014839
Eluvathingal TJ, Chugani HT, Behen ME, Juhász C, Muzik O, Maqbool M, Chugani DC, Makki M (2006) Abnormal brain connectivity in children after early severe socioemotional deprivation: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Pediatrics 117:2093–2100. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1727
Endendijk JJ, Groeneveld MG, van der Pol LD, van Berkel SR, Hallers-Haalboom ET, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Mesman J (2017) Gender differences in child aggression: relations with gender-differentiated parenting and parents’ gender-role stereotypes. Child Dev 88:299–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12589
Fagiolini M, Jensen CL, Champagne FA (2009) Epigenetic influences on brain development and plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 19:207–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2009.05.009
Fields RD (2005) Myelination: an overlooked mechanism of synaptic plasticity? Neuroscientist 11:528–531. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858405282304
Fields RD (2010) Change in the brain’s white matter. Science 330:768–769. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199139
Ge X, Conger RD (1999) Adjustment problems and emerging personality characteristics from early to late adolescence. Am J Community Psychol 27:429–459. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022238227937
Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, Castellanos FX, Liu H, Zijdenbos A, Paus T, Evans AC, Rapport JL (1999) Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nat Neurosci 2:861–863. https://doi.org/10.1038/13158
Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children (2016) http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/assets/pdfs/reports-global/Global-report-2016.pdf
Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children (2017) Prohibiting corporal punishment. http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/
Govindan RM, Behen ME, Helder E, Makki MI, Chugani HT (2010) Altered water diffusivity in cortical association tracts in children with early deprivation identified with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Cereb Cortex 20:561–569. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp122
Grusec JE, Goodnow JJ (1994) Impact of parental discipline methods on the child’s internalization of values: a reconceptualization of current points of view. Dev Psychol 30:4–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.4
Gurdal S, Lansford JE, Sorbring E (2016) Parental perceptions of children’s agency: parental warmth, school achievement and adjustment. Early Child Dev Care 18:1203–1211. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2015.1083559
Haque A (1988) Relationship between perceived maternal acceptance-rejection and self-esteem among young adults in Nigeria. J Afr Psychol 1:15–24
Hebb DO (1949) The organization of behavior. Wiley, New York
Heinonen K, Lahti J, Sammallahti S, Wolke D, Lano A, Andersson S, Pesonon A-K, Eriksson JG, Kajantie E, Raikkonen K (2018) Neurocognitive outcome in young adults born late-preterm. Dev Med Child Neurol 60:267–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13616
Hicks DJ (1968) Short- and long-term retention of affectively varied model behavior. Psychon Sci 11:369–370. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03328246
Hill SY, Tessner K, Wang S, Carter H, McDermott M (2010) Temperament at 5 years of age predicts amygdala and orbitofrontal volume in the right hemisphere in adolescence. Psychiatry Res 182:14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.11.006
Howell BR, Neigh GN, Sanchez MM (2016) Animal models of developmental psychopathology. In: Cicchetti D (ed) Developmental psychopathology: developmental neuroscience, vol 2, 3rd edn. Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, pp 166–201
Ibrahim DM, Rohner RP, Smith RL, Flannery KM (2015) Adults’ remembrances of parental acceptance-rejection in childhood predict current rejection sensitivity in adulthood. Fam Consum Sci Res J 44:51–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcsr.12119
Jaekel J, Baumann N, Bartmann P, Wolke D (2018) Mood and anxiety disorders in very preterm/very low-birth weight individuals from 6 to 26 years. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 59:88–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12787
Jager J, Bornstein MH, Putnick DL, Hendricks C (2012) Family members’ unique perspectives of the family: examining their scope, size, and relations to individual adjustment. J Fam Psychol 26:400–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028330
Jager J, Mahler A, An D, Putnick DL, Bornstein MH, Lansford JE, Dodge KA, Skinner AT, Deater-Deckard K (2016) Early adolescents’ unique perspectives of maternal and paternal rejection: examining their across-dyad generalizability and relations with adjustment one year later. J Youth Adolesc 45:2108–2124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0509-z
Khaleque A, Rohner RP (2002) Perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment: a meta-analysis of cross-cultural and intracultural studies. J Marriage Fam 64:54–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00054.x
Khaleque A, Rohner RP (2011) Transnational relations between perceived parental acceptance and personality dispositions of children and adults: a meta-analytic review. Personal Soc Psychol Rev 16:103–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311418986
Kim E, Han G, McCubbin MA (2007) Korean American maternal acceptance-rejection, acculturation, and children’s social competence. Fam Community Health 30:S33–S45. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.FCH.0000264879.88687.32
Klingberg T, Hedehus M, Temple E, Salz T, Gabrieli JD, Moseley ME, Poldrack RA (2000) Microstructure of temporo-parietal white matter as a basis for reading ability: evidence from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Neuron 25:493–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80911-3
Kochanska G, Barry RA, Stellern SA, O’Bleness JJ (2009) Early attachment organization moderates the parent–child mutually coercive pathway to children’s antisocial conduct. Child Dev 80:1288–1300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01332.x
Lakhani B, Borich MR, Jackson JN, Wadden KP, Peters S, Villamayor A, MacKay AL, Vavasour IM, Rauscher A, Boyd LA (2016) Motor skill acquisition promotes human brain myelin plasticity. Neural Plast 2016:7526135. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7526135
Lansford JE (2018) Parenting and child discipline. In: Bornstein MH (ed) Handbook of parenting, 3rd edn. Routledge, New York. (in press)
Lansford JE, Deater-Deckard K (2012) Childrearing discipline and violence in developing countries. Child Dev 83:62–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01676.x
Lansford JE, Chang L, Dodge KA, Malone PS, Oburu P, Palmérus K, Bacchini D, Pastorelli C, Bombi AS, Zelli A, Tapanya S, Chaudhary N, Deater-Deckard K, Manke B, Quinn N (2005) Physical discipline and children’s adjustment: cultural normativeness as a moderator. Child Dev 76:1234–1246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00847.x
Lansford JE, Alampay LP, Bacchini D et al (2010) Corporal punishment of children in nine countries as a function of child gender and parent child gender. Int J Pediatr 2010:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/672780
Lansford JE, Sharma C, Malone PS, Woodlief D, Dodge KA, Oburu P, Pastorelli C, Skinner AT, Sorbring E, Tapanya S, Tirado LMU, Zelli A, al-Hassan SM, Alampay LP, Bacchini D, Bombi AS, Bornstein MH, Chang L, Deater-Deckard K, di Giunta L (2014) Corporal punishment, maternal warmth, and child adjustment: a longitudinal study in eight countries. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 43:670–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.893518
Lansford JE, Godwin J, Uribe Tirado LM, Zelli A, al-Hassan SM, Bacchini D, Bombi AS, Bornstein MH, Chang L, Deater-Deckard K, di Giunta L, Dodge KA, Malone PS, Oburu P, Pastorelli C, Skinner AT, Sorbring E, Tapanya S, Alampay LP (2015) Individual, family, and culture level contributions to child physical abuse and neglect: a longitudinal study in nine countries. Dev Psychopathol 27:1417–1428. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941500084X
Lansford JE, Godwin J, Bornstein MH et al (2018) Parenting, culture, and the development of externalizing behaviors from age seven to 14 in nine countries. Dev Psychopathol. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579418000925
Leidig M (2005) Romania still faces high abortion rate 16 years after fall of Ceauşescu. Br Med J 331:1043. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7524.1043-a
Leow AD, Zhan L, Zhu S et al (2009) White matter integrity measured by fractional anisotropy correlates poorly with actual individual fiber anisotropy. In: biomed imaging: from nano to macro, 2009. ISBI’09. Proceedings IEEE international symposium, pp 622-625. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISBI.2009.5193124
Li X, Meier J (2017) Father love and mother love: contributions of parental acceptance to children’s psychological adjustment. J Fam Theory Rev 9:459–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12227
Litovsky VG, Dusek JB (1985) Perceptions of child rearing and self-concept development during the early adolescent years. J Youth Adolesc 14:373–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02138833
Lorber MF, O’Leary SG, Slep AM (2011) An initial evaluation of the role of emotion and impulsivity in explaining racial/ethnic differences in the use of corporal punishment. Dev Psychol 47:1744–1749. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025344
Maccoby EE, Martin JA (1983) Socialization in the context of the family: parent-child interaction. In: Hetherington EM (ed) Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4 Socialization, personality, and social development, 4th edn. Wiley, New York, pp 1006–1017
MacDonald K (1992) Warmth as a developmental construct: an evolutionary analysis. Child Dev 63:753–773. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01659.x
Mehta MA, Golembo NI, Nosarti C, Colvert E, Mota A, Williams SCR, Rutter M, Sonuga-Barke EJS (2009) Amygdala, hippocampal and corpus callosum size following severe early institutional deprivation: the English and Romanian adoptees study pilot. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50:943–951. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02084.x
Michiels D, Grietens H, Onghena P, Kuppens S (2010) Perceptions of maternal and paternal attachment security in middle childhood: links with positive parental affection and psychosocial adjustment. Early Child Dev Care 180:211–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430903415064
Milgrom J, Newnham C, Anderson PJ, Doyle LW, Gemmill AW, Lee K, Hunt RW, Bear M, Inder T (2010) Early sensitivity training for parents of preterm infants: impact on the developing brain. Pediatr Res 67:330–335. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181cb8e2f
Miranda MC, Bacchini D, Bombi AS, Di Giunta L, Pastorelli C, Lansford JE (2012) Maternal acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment in childhood: comparison between mother and child perspective. In: Ripoll Núñez KJ, Comunian AL, Brown CM (eds) Expanding horizons: current research on interpersonal acceptance. Brown Walker, Boca Raton, pp 61–76
Montagna A, Nosarti C (2016) Socio-emotional development following very preterm birth: pathways to psychopathology. Front Psychol 7:80. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00080
Mori S, Zhang J (2006) Principles of diffusion tensor imaging and its applications to basic neuroscience research. Neuron 51:527–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.08.012
Mori S, Oishi K, Jiang H, Jiang L, Li X, Akhter K, Hua K, Faria AV, Mahmood A, Woods R, Toga AW, Pike GB, Neto PR, Evans A, Zhang J, Huang H, Miller MI, van Zijl P, Mazziotta J (2008) Stereotaxic white matter atlas based on diffusion tensor imaging in an ICBM template. NeuroImage 40:570–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.035
Mount CW, Monje M (2017) Wrapped to adapt: experience-dependent myelination. Neuron 95:743–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.009
O’Donnell KJ, Chen L, MacIassac JL et al (2018) DNA methylome variation in a perinatal nurse-visitation program that reduces child maltreatment: a 27-year follow-up. Transl Psychiatry 8:15–24. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-017-0063-9
Olds DL, Hill PL, O’Brien R, Racine D, Moritz P (2003) Taking preventive intervention to scale: the nurse-family partnership. Cogn Behav Pract 10:278–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1077-7229(03)80046-9
Olds DL, Kitzman HJ, Cole RE, Hanks CA, Arcoleo KJ, Anson EA, Luckey DW, Knudtson MD, Henderson CR, Bondy J, Stevenson AJ (2010) Enduring effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses on maternal life course and government spending: follow-up of a randomized trial among children at age 12 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 164:419–424. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.49
Olson IR, Von Der Heide RJ, Alm KH, Vyas G (2015) Development of the uncinate fasciculus: implications for theory and developmental disorders. Dev Cogn Neurosci 14:50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.06.003
Papagno C, Miracapillo C, Casarotti A, Romero Lauro LJ, Castellano A, Falini A, Casaceli G, Fava E, Bello L (2010) What is the role of the uncinate fasciculus? Surgical removal and proper name retrieval. Brain 134:405–414. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq283
Parmar P, Ibrahim M, Rohner RP (2008) Relations among perceived spouse acceptance, remembered parental acceptance in childhood, and psychological adjustment among married adults in Kuwait. Cross-Cult Res 42:67–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397107309767
Patterson GR (1982) Coercive family process. Catalia, Eugene
Perlez J (1996) Romanian ‘orphans’: prisoners of their cribs. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/25/world/romanian-orphans-prisoners-of-their-cribs.html
Perris C, Arrindell WA, Perris H, Ende J, Maj M, Benjaminsen S, Ross M, Eisemann M, del Vecchio M (1985) Cross-national study of perceived parental rearing behaviour in healthy subjects from Australia, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden: pattern and level comparisons. Acta Psychiat Scand 72:278–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb02607.x
Putnick DL, Bornstein MH, Lansford JE, Chang L, Deater-Deckard K, di Giunta L, Gurdal S, Dodge KA, Malone PS, Oburu PO, Pastorelli C, Skinner AT, Sorbring E, Tapanya S, Tirado LMU, Zelli A, Alampay LP, al-Hassan SM, Bacchini D, Bombi AS (2012) Agreement in mother and father acceptance-rejection, warmth, and hostility/rejection/neglect of children across nine countries. Cross-Cult Res 46:191–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397112440931
Putnick DL, Bornstein MH, Lansford JE, Malone PS, Pastorelli C, Skinner AT, Sorbring E, Tapanya S, Uribe Tirado LM, Zelli A, Alampay LP, al-Hassan SM, Bacchini D, Bombi AS, Chang L, Deater-Deckard K, di Giunta L, Dodge KA, Oburu P (2015) Perceived mother and father acceptance-rejection predict four unique aspects of child adjustment across nine countries. J Child Psychol Psyc 56:923–932. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12366
Qin S, Young C, Duan X, Chen T, Supekar K, Menon V (2014) Amygdala subregional structure and intrinsic functional connectivity predicts individual differences in anxiety during early childhood. Biol Psychiatry 75:892–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.006
Reitz E, Deković M, Meijer AM, Engels RCME (2006) A longitudinal examination of parenting and best friends’ effects on problem behavior during early adolescence. J Early Adolesc 26:272–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431606288591
Rohner RP (1975) Parental acceptance-rejection and personality development: a universalist approach to behavioral science. In: Brislin RW, Bochner S, Lonner WJ (eds) Cross-cultural perspectives on learning. Wiley, New York, pp 251–269
Rohner RP (1986) New perspectives on family. The warmth dimension: foundations of parental acceptance-rejection theory. SAGE, Thousand Oaks
Rohner RP (1998) Father love and child development: history and current evidence. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 7:157–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10836851
Rohner RP (2004) The parental “acceptance-rejection syndrome”: universal correlates of perceived rejection. Am Psychol 59:830–840. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.830
Rohner RP (2010) Perceived teacher acceptance, parental acceptance, and the adjustment, achievement, and behavior of school-going youths internationally. Cross-Cult Res 44:211–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397110366849
Rohner RP (2014a) Parental power and prestige moderate the relationship between perceived parental acceptance and offspring’s psychological adjustment: introduction to the international father acceptance–rejection project. Cross-Cult Res 48:197–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397114528295
Rohner RP (2014b) PARTheory gets a new name: interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory (IPARTheory). Interpers Accept 8:6
Rohner RP (2016) Introduction to interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory (IPARTheory) and evidence. Online Read Psychol Cult 6. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1055
Rohner RP, Britner PA (2002) Worldwide mental health correlates of parental acceptance-rejection: review of cross-cultural and intracultural evidence. Cross-Cult Res 36:16–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/106939710203600102
Rohner RP, Cournoyer DE (1994) Universals in youths’ perceptions of parental acceptance and rejection: evidence from factor analyses within eight sociocultural groups worldwide. Cross-Cult Res 28:371–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/106939719402800408
Rohner RP, Smith RL (2018) Parental acceptance-rejection. In: Bornstein MH (ed) Handbook of parenting, 3rd edn. Routledge, New York. (in press)
Rohner RP, Veneziano RA (2001) The importance of father love: history and contemporary evidence. Rev Gen Psychol 5:382–405. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.382
Rohner RP, Khaleque A, Cournoyer DE (2003) Cross-national perspectives on parental acceptance-rejection theory. In: Peterson GW, Steinmetz SK, Wilson SM (eds) Parent-youth relations: cultural and cross-cultural perspectives. Haworth, New York, pp 79–98
Rothbaum G, Weisz JR (1994) Parental caregiving and child externalizing behavior in nonclinical samples: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 116:55–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.55
Rule BG, Nesdale AR (1976) Moral judgments of aggressive behavior. In: Geen RG, O’Neal E (eds) Prospectives on aggression. Academic, New York, pp 37–60
Rutter M, Woodhouse S (2018) Maternal deprivation. In: Bornstein MH (ed) Handbook of parenting, 3rd edn. Routledge, New York. (in press)
Rutter M, Colvert E, Kreppner J, Beckett C, Castle J, Groothues C, Hawkins A, O’Connor TG, Stevens SE, Sonuga-Barke E (2007) Early adolescent outcomes for institutionally-deprived and non-deprived adoptees. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48:17–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01688.x
Schlegel AA, Rudelson JJ, Peter UT (2012) White matter structure changes as adults learn a second language. J Cogn Neurosci 24:1664–1670. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00240
Schmithorst VJ, Wilke M, Dardzinski BJ, Holland SK (2005) Cognitive functions correlate with white matter architecture in a normal pediatric population: a diffusion tensor MRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 26:139–147. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20149
Scholz J, Klein MC, Behrens TE, Johansen-Berg H (2009) Training induces changes in white-matter architecture. Nat Neurosci 12:1370–1371. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2412
Schumann CM, Barnes CC, Lord C, Courchesne E (2009) Amygdala enlargement in toddlers with autism related to severity of social and communication impairments. Biol Psychiatry 66:942–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.07.007
Serra M, De Pisapia N, Rigo P, Papinutto N, Jager J, Bornstein MH, Venuit P (2015) Secure attachment status is associated with white matter integrity in healthy young adults. Neuroreport 26:1106–1111. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000000479
Sowell ER, Trauner DA, Gamst A, Jernigan TL (2002) Development of cortical and subcortical brain structures in childhood and adolescence: a structural MRI study. Dev Med Child Neurol 44:4–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00253.x
Sroufe LA, Egeland B, Carlson EA, Collins WA (2005) The development of the person: the Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. Guilford, New York
Steele CJ, Bailey JA, Zatorre RJ, Penhune VB (2013) Early musical training and white-matter plasticity in the corpus callosum: evidence for a sensitive period. J Neurosci 33:1282–1290. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3578-12.2013
Tau GZ, Peterson BS (2010) Normal development of brain circuits. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:147–168. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.115
Teicher MH, Samson JA (2016) Annual research review: enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 57:241–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12507
Thompson RA (1983) Socioemotional development in Nebraska symposium on motivation. University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Tierney AL, Nelson CA III (2009) Brain development and the role of experience in the early years. Zero Three 30:9–13
Toritsuka M, Makinodan M, Kishimoto T (2015) Social experience-dependent myelination: an implication for psychiatric disorders. Neural Plast 2015:465345. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/465345
Tronick E (2007) The neurobehavioral and social-emotional development in infants and children. Norton, New York
UNICEF (2014) Convention on the rights of the child. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/crc/index_30160.html
UNICEF (2017) Current status and progress. UNICEF. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/violence/violent-discipline/
Varan A, Rohner RP, Eryuksel G (2008) Intimate partner acceptance, parental acceptance in childhood, and psychological adjustment among Turkish adults in ongoing attachment relationships. Cross-Cult Res 42:46–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397107309758
Vazsonyi AT, Belliston LM (2006) The cultural and developmental significance of parenting processes in adolescent anxiety and depression symptoms. J Youth Adolesc 35:491–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9064-3
Veneziano RA (2000) Perceived paternal and maternal acceptance and rural African American and European American youths’ psychological adjustment. J Marriage Fam 62:123–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00123.x
Veneziano RA (2003) The importance of paternal warmth. Cross-Cult Res 37:265–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397103253710
Versace A, Acuff H, Bertocci MA, Bebko G, Almeida JRC, Perlman SB, Leemans A, Schirda C, Aslam H, Dwojak A, Bonar L, Travis M, Gill MK, Demeter C, Diwadkar VA, Sunshine JL, Holland SK, Kowatch RA, Birmaher B, Axelson D, Horwitz SM, Frazier TW, Arnold LE, Fristad MA, Youngstrom EA, Findling RL, Phillips ML (2015) White matter structure in youth with behavioral and emotional dysregulation disorders: a probabilistic tractographic study. JAMA Psychiatr 72:367–376. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2170
Von Der Heide RJ, Skipper LM, Klobusicky E, Olson IR (2013) Dissecting the uncinate fasciculus: disorders, controversies and a hypothesis. Brain 136:1692–1707
Vos SB, Jones DK, Jeurissen B, Viergever MA, Leemans A (2012) The influence of complex white matter architecture on the mean diffusivity in diffusion tensor MRI of the human brain. Neuroimage 59:2208–2216. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awt094
Whittle S, Dennison M, Vijayakumar N, Simmons JG, Yucel M, Lubman DI, Pantelis C, Allen NB (2013) Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology affect brain development during adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 52:940–952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.06.007
Woon FL, Hedges DW (2008) Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in children and adults with childhood maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Hippocampus 18:729–736. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20437
World Health Organization (2015) Prohibiting and eliminating corporal punishment: a key health issue in addressing violence against children. World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/topics/violence/Global-Initiative-End-All-Corporal-Punishment-children.pdf
Wu Y, Sun D, Wang Y, Wang Y (2016) Subcomponents and connectivity of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus revealed by diffusion spectrum imaging fiber tracking. Front Neuroanat 10:88. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2016.00088
Zatorre RJ, Fields RD, Johansen-Berg H (2012) Plasticity in gray and white: neuroimaging changes in brain structure during learning. Nat Neurosci 15:528–536. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3045
Zhou Q, Eisenberg N, Losoya SH, Fabes RA, Reiser M, Guthrie I, Murphy B, Cumberland A, Shepard S (2002) The relations of parental warmth and positive expressiveness to children’s empathy-related responding and social functioning: a longitudinal study. Child Dev 73:893–915. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00446
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Fedserica Amici and Anja Widdig for their invitation to the topical collection “An evolutionary perspective on the development of primate sociality.”
Funding
This article was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH/NICHD, USA, and an International Research Fellowship in collaboration with the Centre for the Evaluation of Development Policies (EDePO) at the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), London, UK, funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 695300-HKADeC-ERC-2015-AdG).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Communicated by F. Amici
This article is a contribution to the Topical Collection An evolutionary perspective on the development of primate sociality—Guest Editors: Federica Amici and Anja Widdig
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cui, J., Mistur, E.J., Wei, C. et al. Multilevel factors affecting early socioemotional development in humans. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 72, 172 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2580-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2580-9