References
Reece RM (2003) Differential diagnosis of inflicted childhood neurotrauma. In: Reece RM, Nicholson CE (eds) Inflicted childhood neurotrauma, chapter 3. American Academy of Pediatrics, Chicago, pp 17–31
Sirotnak AP (2006) Medical disorders that mimic abusive head trauma. In: Frasier L, Rauth-Farley K, Alexander R et al (eds) Abusive head trauma in infants and children. A medical, legal, and forensic reference chapter 14. G.W. Medical, St. Louis, pp 191–226
Hymel KP, Jenny C, Block RW (2002) Intracranial hemorrhage and rebleeding in suspected victims of abusive head trauma: addressing the forensic controversies. Child Maltreat 7:329–348
Punt J (2005) Mechanisms and management of subdural haemorrhage. In: Minns RA, Brown JK (eds) Shaking and other non-accidental head injuries in children, chapter 9. Mac Keith, London, pp 290–313
Govaert P (1993) Cranial haemorrhage in the term newborn infant. Mac Keith, London
Whitby EH, Griffiths PD, Rutter S et al (2004) Frequency and natural history of subdural haemorrhages in babies and relation to obstetric factors. Lancet 363:846–851
Looney CB, Smith JK, Merck LH et al (2007) Intracranial hemorrhage in asymptomatic neonates: prevalence on MR images and relationship to obstetric and neonatal risk factors. Radiology 242:535–541
Uhing MR (2004) Management of birth injuries. Pediatr Clin North Am 51:1169–1186
Vinchon M, Pierrat V, Tchofo PJ et al (2005) Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in newborns. Childs Nerv Syst 21:1042–1048
Chamnanvanakij S, Rollins N, Perlman JM (2002) Subdural hematoma in term infants. Pediatr Neurol 26:301–304
Akman CI, Cracco J (2000) Intrauterine subdural hemorrhage. Dev Med Child Neurol 42:843–846
Levene MI, Gaskill SJ, Marlin AE (1999) Intracranial hemorrhage in the newborn. In: Choux M, Di Rocco C, Hockley AD et al (eds) Pediatric neurosurgery, chapter 33. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 653–663
Kleinman PK, Barnes PD (1998) Head trauma. In: Kleinman PK (ed) Diagnostic imaging of child abuse, 2nd edn, chapter 15. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 285–342
Govaert P, Calliauw L, Vanhaesebrouck P et al (1990) On the management of neonatal tentorial damage. Eight case reports and a review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 106:52–64
Govaert P, Vanhaesebrouck P, dePraeter C (1992) Traumatic neonatal intracranial bleeding and stroke. Arch Dis Child 67:840–845
Gunn TR, Becroft DM (1984) Unexplained intracranial haemorrhage in utero: the battered fetus? Aust N Z J Med 24:17–22
Gunn TR, Mok PM, Becroft DM (1985) Subdural hemorrhage in utero. Pediatrics 76:605–610
Stephens RP, Richardson AC, Lewin JS (1997) Bilateral subdural hematomas in a newborn infant. Pediatrics 99:619–621
Campbell RA, May L, Carty H et al (1998) Spontaneous intrauterine acute subdural haemorrhage: a new aetiology for neonatal subdural collections [abstract]. Childs Nerv Syst 14:659
Green PM, Wilson H, Romaniuk C et al (1999) Idiopathic intracranial haemorrhage in the fetus. Fetal Diagn Ther 14:275–278
Gago LC, Wegner RK, Capone A et al (2003) Intraretinal hemorrhages and chronic subdural effusions. Glutaric aciduria Type 1 can be mistaken for shaken baby syndrome. Retina 23:724–726
Strauss KA, Puffenberger EG, Robinson DL et al (2003) Type 1 glutaric aciduria, Part 1: natural history of 77 patients. Am J Med Genet 121C:38–52
Twomey EL, Naughten ER, Donoghue VB et al (2003) Neuroimaging findings in glutaric aciduria type 1. Pediatr Radiol 33:823–830
Drigo P, Burlina AB, Battistella PA (1993) Subdural hematoma and glutaric aciduria type 1 [letter]. Brain Develop 15:460–461
Soden SE, Dasouki MJ, Walsh IR (2002) A 9 month old baby with subdural hematomas, retinal hemorrhages, and developmental delay. Pediatr Emerg Care 18:44–47
Hartley LM, Khwaja OS, Verity CM (2001) Glutaric aciduria type 1 and nonaccidental head injury. Pediatrics 107:174–176
May K, Parsons MA, Doran R (2005) Haemorrhagic retinopathy of shaking injury: clinical and pathological aspects. In: Minns RA, Brown JK (eds) Shaking and other non-accidental head injuries in children, chapter 5. Mac Keith, London, pp 185–207
Levin AV (2000) Retinal haemorrhages and child abuse. In: David TJ (ed) Recent advances in paediatrics, 18th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 151–219
Taylor D, Bonshek R, Brosnahan D et al (1999) Child abuse and the eye. Eye 13:3–10
Adams G, Ainsworth J, Butler L et al (2004) Update from the ophthalmology child abuse working party: Royal College Ophthalmologists. Eye 18:795–798
Levin AV (2003) Ophthalmic manifestations of inflicted childhood neurotrauma. In: Reece RM, Nicholson CE (eds) Inflicted childhood neurotrauma, chapter 7. American Academy of Pediatrics, Chicago, pp 127–159
Lantz PE, Sinal SH, Stanton CA et al (2004) Perimacular retinal folds from childhood head trauma. BMJ 328:754–756
Kleinman PK (1998) Bony thoracic trauma. In: Kleinman PK (ed) Diagnostic imaging of child abuse, 2nd edn, chapter 5. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 110–148
Minns RA, Brown JK (eds) (2005) Shaking and other non-accidental head injuries in children. MacKeith, London
Minns RA, Brown JK (2005) Neurological perspectives of non-accidental head injury and whiplash/shaken baby syndrome: an overview. In: Minns RA, Brown JK (eds) Shaking and other non-accidental head injuries in children, chapter 1. Mac Keith Press, London, pp 1–105
Jenny C (2003) Modes of presentation of inflicted childhood neurotrauma. In: Reece RM, Nicholson CE (eds) Inflicted childhood neurotrauma, chapter 4. American Academy of Pediatrics, Chicago, pp 49–63
Hymel KP (2003) The timing of clinical presentation after inflicted childhood neurotrauma. In: Reece RM, Nicholson CE (eds) Inflicted childhood neurotrauma, chapter 5. American Academy of Pediatrics, Chicago, pp 65–73
Punt J, Bonshek RE, Jaspan T et al (2004) The ‘unified hypothesis’ of Geddes et al. is not supported by the data. Pediatr Rehab 7:173–184
Alexander R (2006) Associated injuries. In: Frasier L, Rauth-Farley K, Alexander R et al (eds) Abusive head trauma in infants and children. A medical, legal, and forensic reference, chapter 12. G. W. Medical Publishing, Inc., St. Louis, pp 161–172
Starling SP, Holden JR, Jenny C (1995) Abusive head trauma: the relationship of perpetrators to their victims. Pediatrics 95:259–262
Starling SP, Holden JR (2000) Perpetrators of abusive head trauma: a comparison of two geographic populations. South Med J 93:463–465
Starling SP, Patel S, Burke BL et al (2004) Analysis of perpetrator admissions to inflicted traumatic brain injury in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158:454–458
Margulies SS, Spivack BS (2003) Pathobiology and biomechanics of inflicted childhood neurotrauma. In: Reece RM, Nicholson CE (eds) Inflicted childhood neurotrauma, chapter 11. American Academy of Pediatrics, Chicago, pp 221–235
Morison CN, Minns RA (2005) The biomechanics of shaking. In: Minns RA, Brown JK (eds) Shaking and other non-accidental head injuries in children, chapter 2. Mc Keith, London, pp 106–146
Spivack B (2006) Biomechanics. In: Frasier LD, Rauth-Farley K, Alexander R et al (eds) Abusive head trauma in infants and children, chapter 4. G. W. Medical, St. Louis, pp 29–48
Rorke LB (2003) Neuropathology of inflicted childhood neurotrauma. In: Reece RM, Nicholson CE (eds) Inflicted childhood neurotrauma, chapter 8. American Academy of Pediatrics, Chicago, pp 165–179
Case ME (2003) Neuropathology of inflicted childhood neurotrauma - response. In: Reece RM, Nicholson CE (eds) Inflicted childhood neurotrauma, chapter 8. American Academy of Pediatrics, Chicago, pp 187–190
Bell JE (2005) The neuropathology of non-accidental head injury. In: Minns RA, Brown JK (eds) Shaking and other non-accidental head injuries in children, chapter 11. Mac Keith, London, pp 345–363
Dias MS (2002) Inflicted head injury: future directions and prevention. Neurosurg Clin North Am 13:247–257
Dias MS, Smith K, de Guehery K et al (2005) Preventing abusive head trauma among infants and young children: a hospital-based, parent education program. Pediatrics 115:e370–e477
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Professor David has disclosed that there are no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
David, T.J. Non-accidental head injury—the evidence. Pediatr Radiol 38 (Suppl 3), 370–377 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-008-0829-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-008-0829-6