Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Quality of Life in Sarcopenia and Frailty

  • Review
  • Published:
Calcified Tissue International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The reduced muscle mass and impaired muscle performance that define sarcopenia in older individuals are associated with increased risk of physical limitation and a variety of chronic diseases. They may also contribute to clinical frailty. A gradual erosion of quality of life (QoL) has been evidenced in these individuals, although much of this research has been done using generic QoL instruments, particularly the SF-36, which may not be ideal in older populations with significant comorbidities. This review and report of an expert meeting presents the current definitions of these geriatric syndromes (sarcopenia and frailty). It then briefly summarizes QoL concepts and specificities in older populations and examines the relevant domains of QoL and what is known concerning QoL decline with these conditions. It calls for a clearer definition of the construct of disability, argues that a disease-specific QoL instrument for sarcopenia/frailty would be an asset for future research, and discusses whether there are available and validated components that could be used to this end and whether the psychometric properties of these instruments are sufficiently tested. It calls also for an approach using utility weighting to provide some cost estimates and suggests that a time trade-off study could be appropriate.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Article 02 February 2017

Emanuele Marzetti, Riccardo Calvani, … on behalf of the SPRINTT Consortium

References

  1. Rosenberg IH (2011) Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. Clin Geriatr Med 27:337–339

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Malafarina V, Uriz-Otano F, Iniesta R, Gil-Guerrero L (2012) Sarcopenia in the elderly: diagnosis, physiopathology and treatment. Maturitas 71:109–114

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel JP, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Zamboni M (2010) Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis—Report of the European working group on Sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing 39:412–423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Muscaritoli M, Anker SD, Argiles J, Aversa Z, Bauer JM, Biolo G, Boirie Y, Bosaeus I, Cederholm T, Costelli P, Fearon KC, Laviano A, Maggio M, Rossi FF, Schneider SM, Schols A, Sieber CC (2010) Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by special interest groups (SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics.”. Clin Nutr 29:154–159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, Abellan van Kan G, Andrieu S, Bauer J, Breuille D, Cederholm T, Chandler J, de Meynard C, Donini L, Harris T, Kannt A, Keime GF, Onder G, Papanicolaou D, Rolland Y, Rooks D, Sieber C, Souhami E, Verlaan S, Zamboni M (2011) Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults—Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. international working group on Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 12:249–256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Abellan van Kan G, Rolland Y, Bergman H, Morley JE, Kritchevsky SB, Vellas B (2008) The I.A.N.A task force on frailty assessment of older people in clinical practice. J Nutr Health Aging 12:29–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gielen E, Verschueren S, O’Neill TW, Pye SR, O’Connell MD, Lee DM, Ravindrarajah R, Claessens F, Laurent M, Milisen K, Tournoy J, Dejaeger M, Wu FC, Vanderschueren D, Boonen S (2012) Musculoskeletal frailty: a geriatric syndrome at the core of fracture occurrence in older age. Calcif Tissue Int 91:161–177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cooper C, Dere W, Evans W, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R, Sayer AA, Sieber CC, Kaufman JM, Abellan van Kan G, Boonen S, Adachi J, Mitlak B, Tsouderos Y, Rolland Y, Reginster JY (2012) Frailty and sarcopenia: definitions and outcome parameters. Osteoporos Int 23:1839–1848

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Boyd CM, Xue QL, Simpson CF, Guralnik JM, Fried LP (2005) Frailty, hospitalization, and progression of disability in a cohort of disabled older women. Am J Med 118:1225–1231

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Landi F, Liperoti R, Russo A, Giovannini S, Tosato M, Capoluongo E, Bernabei R, Onder G (2012) Sarcopenia as a risk factor for falls in elderly individuals: results from the ilSIRENTE study. Clin Nutr 31:652–658

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Landi F, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Liperoti R, Russo A, Giovannini S, Tosato M, Capoluongo E, Bernabei R, Onder G (2013) Sarcopenia and mortality risk in frail older persons aged 80 years and older: results from ilSIRENTE study. Age Ageing 42:203–209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Petermans J (2012) Pathological ageing: a myth or reality [in French]? Rev Med Liege 67:341–348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Clark BC, Manini TM (2008) Sarcopenia =/= dynapenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63:829–834

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bauer JM, Sieber CC (2008) Sarcopenia and frailty: a clinician’s controversial point of view. Exp Gerontol 43:674–678

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Fried LP, Xue QL, Cappola AR, Ferrucci L, Chaves P, Varadhan R, Guralnik JM, Leng SX, Semba RD, Walston JD, Blaum CS, Bandeen-Roche K (2009) Nonlinear multisystem physiological dysregulation associated with frailty in older women: implications for etiology and treatment. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 64:1049–1057

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Rodriguez-Manas L, Feart C, Mann G, Vina J, Chatterji S, Chodzko-Zajko W, Gonzalez-Colaco HM, Bergman H, Carcaillon L, Nicholson C, Scuteri A, Sinclair A, Pelaez M, Van der Cammen T, Beland F, Bickenbach J, Delamarche P, Ferrucci L, Fried LP, Gutierrez-Robledo LM, Rockwood K, Rodriguez AF, Serviddio G, Vega E (2013) Searching for an operational definition of frailty: a delphi method based consensus statement: the frailty operative definition-consensus conference project. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 68:62–67

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Rockwood K, Stadnyk K, MacKnight C, McDowell I, Hebert R, Hogan DB (1999) A brief clinical instrument to classify frailty in elderly people. Lancet 353:205–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA (2001) Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56:M146–M156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Romero-Ortuno R (2013) The frailty instrument for primary care of the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe predicts mortality similarly to a frailty index based on comprehensive geriatric assessment. Geriatr Gerontol Int 13:497–504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hogan DB, MacKnight C, Bergman H (2003) Models, definitions, and criteria of frailty. Aging Clin Exp Res 15:1–29

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Markle-Reid M, Browne G (2003) Conceptualizations of frailty in relation to older adults. J Adv Nurs 44:58–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Puts MT, Lips P, Deeg DJ (2005) Sex differences in the risk of frailty for mortality independent of disability and chronic diseases. J Am Geriatr Soc 53:40–47

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Stenholm S, Harris TB, Rantanen T, Visser M, Kritchevsky SB, Ferrucci L (2008) Sarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequences. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 11:693–700

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argiles J, Bales C, Baracos V, Guttridge D, Jatoi A, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lochs H, Mantovani G, Marks D, Mitch WE, Muscaritoli M, Najand A, Ponikowski P, Rossi FF, Schambelan M, Schols A, Schuster M, Thomas D, Wolfe R, Anker SD (2008) Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr 27:793–799

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, Garry PJ, Lindeman RD (1998) Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 147:755–763

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, Simonsick E, Goodpaster B, Nevitt M, Kritchevsky SB, Tylavsky FA, Rubin SM, Harris TB (2003) Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc 51:1602–1609

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Baumgartner RN, Wayne SJ, Waters DL, Janssen I, Gallagher D, Morley JE (2004) Sarcopenic obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly. Obes Res 12:1995–2004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Rolland Y, Lauwers-Cances V, Cristini C, Abellan van Kan G, Janssen I, Morley JE, Vellas B (2009) Difficulties with physical function associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic-obesity in community-dwelling elderly women: the EPIDOS (EPIDemiologie de l’OSteoporose) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 89:1895–1900

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Asher L, Aresu M, Falaschetti E, Mindell J (2012) Most older pedestrians are unable to cross the road in time: a cross-sectional study. Age Ageing 41:690–694

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lauretani F, Russo CR, Bandinelli S, Bartali B, Cavazzini C, Di Iorio A, Corsi AM, Rantanen T, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L (2003) Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol 95:1851–1860

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Penninx BW, Nicklas BJ, Simonsick EM, Newman AB, Tylavsky FA, Brach JS, Satterfield S, Bauer DC, Visser M, Rubin SM, Harris TB, Pahor M (2005) Prognostic value of usual gait speed in well-functioning older people—results from the health, aging and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc 53:1675–1680

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Pieper CF, Leveille SG, Markides KS, Ostir GV, Studenski S, Berkman LF, Wallace RB (2000) Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 55:M221–M231

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. van Iersel MB, Rikkert MG (2006) Frailty criteria give heterogeneous results when applied in clinical practice. J Am Geriatr Soc 54:728–729

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ble A, Cherubini A, Volpato S, Bartali B, Walston JD, Windham BG, Bandinelli S, Lauretani F, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L (2006) Lower plasma vitamin E levels are associated with the frailty syndrome: the InChianti study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61:278–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Romero-Ortuno R, Walsh CD, Lawlor BA, Kenny RA (2010) A frailty instrument for primary care: findings from the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe (SHARE). BMC Geriatr 10:57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Chang SS, Weiss CO, Xue QL, Fried LP (2010) Patterns of comorbid inflammatory diseases in frail older women: the women’s health and aging studies I and II. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 65:407–413

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Rolland Y, Abellan van Kan G, Gillette-Guyonnet S, Roux C, Boonen S, Vellas B (2011) Strontium ranelate and risk of vertebral fractures in frail osteoporotic women. Bone 48:332–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Mijnarends DM, Meijers JM, Halfens RJ, Ter BS, Luiking YC, Verlaan S, Schoberer D, Cruz Jentoft AJ, van Loon LJ, Schols JM (2012) Validity and reliability of tools to measure muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in community-dwelling older people: a systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc 14:170–178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Roberts HC, Denison HJ, Martin HJ, Patel HP, Syddall H, Cooper C, Sayer AA (2011) A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach. Age Ageing 40:423–429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Jette AM (2009) Toward a common language of disablement. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 64:1165–1168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. World Health Organisation (2002) Towards a common language for functioning, disability and health—the international classification of functioning, disability and health. http://www.who.int/classifications/icf/training/icfbeginnersguide.pdf. Cited 7 Mar 2013

  42. Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Visser M, Park SW, Conroy MB, Velasquez-Mieyer P, Boudreau R, Manini TM, Nevitt M, Newman AB, Goodpaster BH (2009) Longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration. Am J Clin Nutr 90:1579–1585

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Fantin F, Di Francesco V, Fontana G, Zivelonghi A, Bissoli L, Zoico E, Rossi A, Micciolo R, Bosello O, Zamboni M (2007) Longitudinal body composition changes in old men and women: interrelationships with worsening disability. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 62:1375–1381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Frontera WR, Reid KF, Phillips EM, Krivickas LS, Hughes VA, Roubenoff R, Fielding RA (2008) Muscle fiber size and function in elderly humans: a longitudinal study. J Appl Physiol 105:637–642

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Song MY, Ruts E, Kim J, Janumala I, Heymsfield S, Gallagher D (2004) Sarcopenia and increased adipose tissue infiltration of muscle in elderly African American women. Am J Clin Nutr 79:874–880

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hamrick MW (2011) A role for myokines in muscle-bone interactions. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 39:43–47

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA (2012) Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nat Rev Endocrinol 8:457–465

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Bischoff-Ferrari HA (2012) Relevance of vitamin D in muscle health. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 13:71–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Body JJ, Bergmann P, Boonen S, Devogelaer JP, Gielen E, Goemaere S, Kaufman JM, Rozenberg S, Reginster JY (2012) Extraskeletal benefits and risks of calcium, vitamin D and anti-osteoporosis medications. Osteoporos Int 23(Suppl 1):S1–S23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A (2012) Sarcopenia and cachexia: the adaptations of negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 3:77–94

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Genaro PS, Martini LA (2010) Effect of protein intake on bone and muscle mass in the elderly. Nutr Rev 68:616–623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Waters DL, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ, Vellas B (2010) Advantages of dietary, exercise-related, and therapeutic interventions to prevent and treat sarcopenia in adult patients: an update. Clin Interv Aging 5:259–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Carcaillon L, Garcia-Garcia FJ, Tresguerres JA, Gutierrez AG, Kireev R, Rodriguez-Manas L (2012) Higher levels of endogenous estradiol are associated with frailty in postmenopausal women from the toledo study for healthy aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:2898–2906

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Carcaillon L, Blanco C, Alonso-Bouzon C, Alfaro-Acha A, Garcia-Garcia FJ, Rodriguez-Manas L (2012) Sex differences in the association between serum levels of testosterone and frailty in an elderly population: the toledo study for healthy aging. PLoS One 7:e32401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Breen L, Phillips SM (2011) Skeletal muscle protein metabolism in the elderly: interventions to counteract the “anabolic resistance” of ageing. Nutr Metab (Lond) 8:68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Faulkner JA, Larkin LM, Claflin DR, Brooks SV (2007) Age-related changes in the structure and function of skeletal muscles. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 34:1091–1096

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Beyer I, Mets T, Bautmans I (2012) Chronic low-grade inflammation and age-related sarcopenia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 15:12–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Goodpaster BH, Carlson CL, Visser M, Kelley DE, Scherzinger A, Harris TB, Stamm E, Newman AB (2001) Attenuation of skeletal muscle and strength in the elderly: the health ABC study. J Appl Physiol 90:2157–2165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Mithal A, Bonjour JP, Boonen S, Burckhardt P, Degens H, El Hajj FG, Josse R, Lips P, Morales TJ, Rizzoli R, Yoshimura N, Wahl DA, Cooper C, Dawson-Hughes B (2013) Impact of nutrition on muscle mass, strength, and performance in older adults. Osteoporos Int 24:1555–1566

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Morley JE (2012) Undernutrition in older adults. Fam Pract 29:i89

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Fiatarone Singh MA, Singh NA, Hansen RD, Finnegan TP, Allen BJ, Diamond TH, Diwan AD, Lloyd BD, Williamson DA, Smith EU, Grady JN, Stavrinos TM, Thompson MW (2009) Methodology and baseline characteristics for the Sarcopenia and hip fracture study: a 5 year prospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 64:568–574

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Cuervo M, Garcia A, Ansorena D, Sanchez-Villegas A, Martinez-Gonzalez M, Astiasaran I, Martinez J (2009) Nutritional assessment interpretation on 22,007 Spanish community-dwelling elders through the mini nutritional assessment test. Public Health Nutr 12:82–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Wijnhoven HA, Schilp J, van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, de Vet HC, Kruizenga HM, Deeg DJ, Ferrucci L, Visser M (2012) Development and validation of criteria for determining undernutrition in community-dwelling older men and women: the short nutritional assessment questionnaire 65+. Clin Nutr 31:351–358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kim JS, Wilson JM, Lee SR (2010) Dietary implications on mechanisms of sarcopenia: roles of protein, amino acids and antioxidants. J Nutr Biochem 21:1–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Liu CK, Fielding RA (2011) Exercise as an intervention for frailty. Clin Geriatr Med 27:101–110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Rolland Y, Onder G, Morley JE, Gillette-Guyonet S, Abellan van Kan G, Vellas B (2011) Current and future pharmacologic treatment of sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med 27:423–447

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Simonsick EM, Salive ME, Wallace RB (1995) Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability. N Engl J Med 332:556–561

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB, Nevitt M, Schwartz AV, Simonsick EM, Tylavsky FA, Visser M, Newman AB (2006) The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61:1059–1064

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Visser M, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, Nevitt M, Rubin SM, Simonsick EM, Harris TB (2005) Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60:324–333

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Rantanen T, Guralnik JM, Foley D, Masaki K, Leveille S, Curb JD, White L (1999) Midlife hand grip strength as a predictor of old age disability. JAMA 281:558–560

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hicks GE, Shardell M, Alley DE, Miller RR, Bandinelli S, Guralnik J, Lauretani F, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L (2012) Absolute strength and loss of strength as predictors of mobility decline in older adults: the InChianti study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 67:66–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Stenholm S, Rantanen T, Heliovaara M, Koskinen S (2008) The mediating role of C-reactive protein and handgrip strength between obesity and walking limitation. J Am Geriatr Soc 56:462–469

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Blaum CS, Xue QL, Michelon E, Semba RD, Fried LP (2005) The association between obesity and the frailty syndrome in older women: the women’s health and aging studies. J Am Geriatr Soc 53:927–934

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Cooper R, Kuh D, Cooper C, Gale CR, Lawlor DA, Matthews F, Hardy R (2011) Objective measures of physical capability and subsequent health: a systematic review. Age Ageing 40:14–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Gillain S, Warzee E, Lekeu F, Wojtasik V, Maquet D, Croisier JL, Salmon E, Petermans J (2009) The value of instrumental gait analysis in elderly healthy, MCI or Alzheimer’s disease subjects and a comparison with other clinical tests used in single and dual-task conditions. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 52:453–474

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kerr A, Syddall HE, Cooper C, Turner GF, Briggs RS, Sayer AA (2006) Does admission grip strength predict length of stay in hospitalised older patients? Age Ageing 35:82–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cawthon PM, Fox KM, Gandra SR, Delmonico MJ, Chiou CF, Anthony MS, Sewall A, Goodpaster B, Satterfield S, Cummings SR, Harris TB (2009) Do muscle mass, muscle density, strength, and physical function similarly influence risk of hospitalization in older adults? J Am Geriatr Soc 57:1411–1419

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sayer AA, Dennison EM, Syddall HE, Gilbody HJ, Phillips DI, Cooper C (2005) Type 2 diabetes, muscle strength, and impaired physical function: the tip of the iceberg? Diabetes Care 28:2541–2542

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Park SW, Goodpaster BH, Strotmeyer ES, Kuller LH, Broudeau R, Kammerer C, de Rekeneire N, Harris TB, Schwartz AV, Tylavsky FA, Cho YW, Newman AB (2007) Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study. Diabetes Care 30:1507–1512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Park SW, Goodpaster BH, Lee JS, Kuller LH, Boudreau R, de Rekeneire N, Harris TB, Kritchevsky S, Tylavsky FA, Nevitt M, Cho YW, Newman AB (2009) Excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32:1993–1997

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. AGS/BGS/AAOS (2001) Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons. American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention. J Am Geriatr Soc 49:664–672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Karlsson MK, Ribom E, Nilsson JA, Ljunggren O, Ohlsson C, Mellstrom D, Lorentzon M, Mallmin H, Stefanick M, Lapidus J, Leung PC, Kwok A, Barrett-Connor E, Orwoll E, Rosengren BE (2012) Inferior physical performance tests in 10,998 men in the MrOS study is associated with recurrent falls. Age Ageing 41:740–746

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Newman AB, Simonsick EM, Naydeck BL, Boudreau RM, Kritchevsky SB, Nevitt MC, Pahor M, Satterfield S, Brach JS, Studenski SA, Harris TB (2006) Association of long-distance corridor walk performance with mortality, cardiovascular disease, mobility limitation, and disability. JAMA 295:2018–2026

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Zaslavsky O, Cochrane BB, Thompson HJ, Woods NF, Herting JR, Lacroix A (2013) Frailty: a review of the first decade of research. Biol Res Nurs

  85. Puts MT, Shekary N, Widdershoven G, Heldens J, Lips P, Deeg DJ (2007) What does quality of life mean to older frail and non-frail community-dwelling adults in the Netherlands? Qual Life Res 16:263–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Farag I, Sherrington C, Kamper SJ, Ferreira M, Moseley AM, Lord SR, Cameron ID (2012) Measures of physical functioning after hip fracture: construct validity and responsiveness of performance-based and self-reported measures. Age Ageing 41:659–664

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Spilker B (1996) Developing guidelines for pharmacoeconomic studies. In: Spilker B (ed) Quality of life and pharmacoeconomics in clinical trials, 2nd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadalphia, pp 1123–1130

    Google Scholar 

  88. Garratt A, Schmidt L, Mackintosh A, Fitzpatrick R (2002) Quality of life measurement: bibliographic study of patient assessed health outcome measures. BMJ 324:1417

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. US FDA (2009) Guidance for industry: patient-reported outcome measures: use in medical product development to support labeling claims. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM193282.pdf

  90. Gimeno-Santos E, Frei A, Dobbels F, Rudell K, Puhan MA, Garcia-Aymerich J (2011) Validity of instruments to measure physical activity may be questionable due to a lack of conceptual frameworks: a systematic review. Health Qual Life Outcomes 9:86

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Medical Outcomes Trust (2002) Assessing health status and quality-of-life instruments: attributes and review criteria. Qual Life Res 11:193–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Ubel PA, Peeters Y, Smith D (2010) Abandoning the language of “response shift”: a plea for conceptual clarity in distinguishing scale recalibration from true changes in quality of life. Qual Life Res 19:465–471

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Bilotta C, Bowling A, Case A, Nicolini P, Mauri S, Castelli M, Vergani C (2010) Dimensions and correlates of quality of life according to frailty status: a cross-sectional study on community-dwelling older adults referred to an outpatient geriatric service in Italy. Health Qual Life Outcomes 8:56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Bernheim JL (1999) How to get serious answers to the serious question “How have you been?”: subjective quality of life (QOL) as an individual experiential emergent construct. Bioethics 13:272–287

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Bernheim JL, Theuns P, Mazaheri M, Hofmans J, Fliege H, Rose M (2006) The potential of anamnestic comparative self-assessment (ACSA) to reduce bias in the measurement of subjective well-being. J Happiness Studies 7:227–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. McDonough CM, Tian F, Ni P, Kopits IM, Moed R, Pardasaney PK, Jette AM (2012) Development of the computer-adaptive version of the late-life function and disability instrument. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 67:1427–1438

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Salkeld G, Cameron ID, Cumming RG, Easter S, Seymour J, Kurrle SE, Quine S (2000) Quality of life related to fear of falling and hip fracture in older women: a time trade off study. BMJ 320:341–346

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Coons SJ, Rao S, Keininger DL, Hays RD (2000) A comparative review of generic quality-of-life instruments. Pharmacoeconomics 17:13–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Williams K, Frei A, Vetsch A, Dobbels F, Puhan MA, Rudell K (2012) Patient-reported physical activity questionnaires: a systematic review of content and format. Health Qual Life Outcomes 10:28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Bowling A, Stenner P (2011) Which measure of quality of life performs best in older age? A comparison of the OPQOL, CASP-19 and WHOQOL-OLD. J Epidemiol Community Health 65:273–280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Molzahn A, Skevington SM, Kalfoss M, Makaroff KS (2010) The importance of facets of quality of life to older adults: an international investigation. Qual Life Res 19:293–298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Parmelee PA, Thuras PD, Katz IR, Lawton MP (1995) Validation of the cumulative illness rating scale in a geriatric residential population. J Am Geriatr Soc 43:130–137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Haywood KL, Garratt AM, Fitzpatrick R (2005) Quality of life in older people: a structured review of generic self-assessed health instruments. Qual Life Res 14:1651–1668

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Hickey A, Barker M, McGee H, O’Boyle C (2005) Measuring health-related quality of life in older patient populations: a review of current approaches. Pharmacoeconomics 23:971–993

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD (1992) The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 30:473–483

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. EuroQol Group (1990) EuroQol—a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. The EuroQol Group. Health Policy 16:199–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Hunt SM, McKenna SP, McEwen J, Backett EM, Williams J, Papp E (1980) A quantitative approach to perceived health status: a validation study. J Epidemiol Community Health 34:281–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Hyde M, Wiggins RD, Higgs P, Blane DB (2003) A measure of quality of life in early old age: the theory, development and properties of a needs satisfaction model (CASP-19). Aging Ment Health 7:186–194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Lawton MP, Moss M, Fulcomer M, Kleban MH (1982) A research and service oriented multilevel assessment instrument. J Gerontol 37:91–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. De Leo D, Diekstra RF, Lonnqvist J, Trabucchi M, Cleiren MH, Frisoni GB, Dello Buono M, Haltunen A, Zucchetto M, Rozzini R, Grigoletto F, Sampaio-Faria J (1998) LEIPAD, an internationally applicable instrument to assess quality of life in the elderly. Behav Med 24:17–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Power M, Quinn K, Schmidt S (2005) Development of the WHOQOL-old module. Qual Life Res 14:2197–2214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Ware JE Jr (1996) The SF-36 Health Survey. In: Spilker B (ed) Quality of life and pharmacoeconomics in clinical trials, 2nd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadalphia, pp 337–344

    Google Scholar 

  113. Syddall HE, Martin HJ, Harwood RH, Cooper C, Sayer AA (2009) The SF-36: a simple, effective measure of mobility-disability for epidemiological studies. J Nutr Health Aging 13:57–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Sayer AA, Syddall HE, Martin HJ, Dennison EM, Roberts HC, Cooper C (2006) Is grip strength associated with health-related quality of life? findings from the hertfordshire cohort study. Age Ageing 35:409–415

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Lips P, Cooper C, Agnusdei D, Caulin F, Egger P, Johnell O, Kanis JA, Kellingray S, Leplege A, Liberman UA, McCloskey E, Minne H, Reeve J, Reginster JY, Scholz M, Todd C, de Vernejoul MC, Wiklund I (1999) Quality of life in patients with vertebral fractures: validation of the quality of life questionnaire of the European foundation for osteoporosis (QUALEFFO). working party for quality of life of the European foundation for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 10:150–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Marquis P, Cialdella P, De la Loge C (2001) Development and validation of a specific quality of life module in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis: the QUALIOST. Qual Life Res 10:555–566

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Randell AG, Bhalerao N, Nguyen TV, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA, Silverman SL (1998) Quality of life in osteoporosis: reliability, consistency, and validity of the osteoporosis assessment questionnaire. J Rheumatol 25:1171–1179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Osteoporosis Quality of Life Study Group (1997) Measuring quality of life in women with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 7:478–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Helmes E, Hodsman A, Lazowski D, Bhardwaj A, Crilly R, Nichol P, Drost D, Vanderburgh L, Pederson L (1995) A questionnaire to evaluate disability in osteoporotic patients with vertebral compression fractures. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 50:M91–M98

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Lydick E, Zimmerman SI, Yawn B, Love B, Kleerekoper M, Ross P, Martin A, Holmes R (1997) Development and validation of a discriminative quality of life questionnaire for osteoporosis (the OPTQoL). J Bone Miner Res 12:456–463

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Vincent KA, Carr AJ, Walburn J, Scott DL, Rose MR (2007) Construction and validation of a quality of life questionnaire for neuromuscular disease (INQoL). Neurology 68:1051–1057

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Masel MC, Graham JE, Reistetter TA, Markides KS, Ottenbacher KJ (2009) Frailty and health related quality of life in older Mexican Americans. Health Qual Life Outcomes 7:70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Lin CC, Li CI, Chang CK, Liu CS, Lin CH, Meng NH, Lee YD, Chen FN, Li TC (2011) Reduced health-related quality of life in elders with frailty: a cross-sectional study of community-dwelling elders in Taiwan. PLoS One 6:e21841

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Chang YW, Chen WL, Lin FG, Fang WH, Yen MY, Hsieh CC, Kao TW (2012) Frailty and its impact on health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study on elder community-dwelling preventive health service users. PLoS One 7:e38079

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Kull M, Kallikorm R, Lember M (2012) Impact of a new sarco-osteopenia definition on health-related quality of life in a population-based cohort in northern Europe. J Clin Densitom 15:32–38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Gobbens RJ, van Assen MA, Luijkx KG, Schols JM (2012) The predictive validity of the tilburg frailty indicator: disability, health care utilization, and quality of life in a population at risk. Gerontologist 52:619–631

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Langlois F, Vu TT, Kergoat MJ, Chasse K, Dupuis G, Bherer L (2012) The multiple dimensions of frailty: physical capacity, cognition, and quality of life. Int Psychogeriatr 24:1429–1436

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Bautmans I, Njemini R, Predom H, Lemper JC, Mets T (2008) Muscle endurance in elderly nursing home residents is related to fatigue perception, mobility, and circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and heat shock protein 70. J Am Geriatr Soc 56:389–396

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Acree LS, Longfors J, Fjeldstad AS, Fjeldstad C, Schank B, Nickel KJ, Montgomery PS, Gardner AW (2006) Physical activity is related to quality of life in older adults. Health Qual Life Outcomes 4:37

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Motl RW, McAuley E (2010) Physical activity, disability, and quality of life in older adults. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 21:299–308

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Gorby HE, Brownawell AM, Falk MC (2010) Do specific dietary constituents and supplements affect mental energy? Review of the evidence. Nutr Rev 68:697–718

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Fries JF, Cella D, Rose M, Krishnan E, Bruce B (2009) Progress in assessing physical function in arthritis: PROMIS short forms and computerized adaptive testing. J Rheumatol 36:2061–2066

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Knol DL, Stratford PW, Alonso J, Patrick DL, Bouter LM, de Vet HC (2006) Protocol of the COSMIN study: Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health measurement instruments. BMC Med Res Methodol 6:2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Angst F (2011) The new COSMIN guidelines confront traditional concepts of responsiveness. BMC Med Res Methodol 11:152

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Cella D, Yount S, Rothrock N, Gershon R, Cook K, Reeve B, Ader D, Fries JF, Bruce B, Rose M (2007) The patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS): progress of an NIH roadmap cooperative group during its first two years. Med Care 45:S3–S11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Khanna D, Krishnan E, Dewitt EM, Khanna PP, Spiegel B, Hays RD (2011) Patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS(R))—the future of measuring patient reported outcomes in rheumatology. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 63:S486–S490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Louie GH, Ward MM (2010) Association of measured physical performance and demographic and health characteristics with self-reported physical function: implications for the interpretation of self-reported limitations. Health Qual Life Outcomes 8:84

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Bijlsma AY, Meskers CG, Westendorp RG, Maier AB (2012) Chronology of age-related disease definitions: osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Ageing Res Rev 11:320–324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. WGFOMCT—Working Group on Functional Outcome Measures in Frail Older Persons (2008) Functional outcomes for clinical trials in frail older persons: time to be moving. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63:160–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) (2011) EMA geriatric medicines strategy. EMA/CHMP/137793/2011. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Other/2011/02/WC500102291.pdf. Cited 7 Mar 2013

  141. Lagiewka K (2012) European innovation partnership on active and healthy ageing: triggers of setting the headline target of two additional healthy life years at birth at EU average by 2020. Arch Public Health 70:23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors thank Jeremy Grierson, PhD, for his assistance in preparing the draft of the manuscript from the presentations and discussions of the working group participants.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Service of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland

    René Rizzoli & Emmanuel Biver

  2. Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

    Jean-Yves Reginster, Charlotte Beaudart & Olivier Bruyère

  3. INSERM Research Unit 1048, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toulouse and CHU of Toulouse, Toulouse, France

    Jean-François Arnal

  4. Gerontology and Frailty in Ageing Research Department, Vrije Universiteit, Brussels, Belgium

    Ivan Bautmans

  5. Centre on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Heike Bischoff-Ferrari

  6. Division of Geriatric Medicine & Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Leuven University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium

    Steven Boonen

  7. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Maria-Luisa Brandi

  8. Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA

    Arkadi Chines

  9. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Cyrus Cooper & Avan Aihie Sayer

  10. Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

    Sol Epstein

  11. Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA

    Roger A. Fielding

  12. Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Bret Goodpaster

  13. WHO Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    John A. Kanis & Kieran Reid

  14. Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium

    Jean-Marc Kaufman

  15. Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria

    Andrea Laslop

  16. Department of Geriatrics, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Pamplona, Spain

    Vincenzo Malafarina

  17. Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain

    Leocadio Rodriguez Mañas

  18. Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Bruce H. Mitlak

  19. Bone and Joint Research Group, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton Medical School, Southampton, UK

    Richard O. Oreffo

  20. Service of Geriatrics, CHU of Liege, Liege, Belgium

    Jean Petermans

  21. Gérontopôle of Toulouse, University of Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France

    Yves Rolland

  22. Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France

    Yannis Tsouderos

  23. Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Marjolein Visser

  24. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Marjolein Visser

Authors
  1. René Rizzoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jean-Yves Reginster
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jean-François Arnal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ivan Bautmans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Charlotte Beaudart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Heike Bischoff-Ferrari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Emmanuel Biver
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Steven Boonen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Maria-Luisa Brandi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Arkadi Chines
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Cyrus Cooper
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Sol Epstein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Roger A. Fielding
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Bret Goodpaster
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. John A. Kanis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Jean-Marc Kaufman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Andrea Laslop
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Vincenzo Malafarina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Leocadio Rodriguez Mañas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Bruce H. Mitlak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Richard O. Oreffo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Jean Petermans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Kieran Reid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Yves Rolland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. Avan Aihie Sayer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. Yannis Tsouderos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. Marjolein Visser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. Olivier Bruyère
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to René Rizzoli.

Additional information

J.-Y. R. has received consulting fees or paid advisory boards for Servier, Novartis, Negma, Lilly, Wyeth, Amgen, Glaxo SmithKline, Roche, Merckle, Nycomed, NPS, Theramex, and UCB; lecture fees from Merck Sharp and Dohme, Lilly, Rottapharm, IBSA, Genevrier, Novartis, Servier, Roche, Glaxo SmithKline, Teijin, Teva, Ebewee Pharma, Zodiac, Analis, Theramex, Nycomed, Novo-Nordisk, and Nolver; Grant support from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Rottapharm, Teva, Lilly, Novartis, Roche, Glaxo SmithKline, Amgen, and Servier. A. C. owns stock in Pfizer. C. C. has a consultant/advisory role to Amgen, Glaxo SmithKline, ABBH, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Novartis, Servier, Medtronic, and Roche. R. F. has had remuneration, has played a consultant/advisory role, and has stock ownership of or funding from Eli Lilly, Dairy Management, Abbott, Pronutrim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, and Nestec. B. G. has received remuneration from Abbott Nutrition. J. K. has worked with and received funding from many companies and nongovernmental organizations dealing with skeletal metabolism including research funding from the Health Technology Assessment NHS R&D HTA Programme of the UK. B. M. is an employee of and owns stock in Eli Lilly. K. R. has a consultant/advisory role to Eli Lilly. Y. R. has received funding from Eli Lilly, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Fabre, and Servier. A. S. has received remuneration from Abbott Nutrition, Servier, and Nestle and funding from Glaxo SmithKline. O. B. has received grant support from IBSA, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Nutraveris, Novartis, Pfizer, Rottapharm, Servier, and Theramex; lecture fees from IBSA, Rottapharm, Servier, and SMB; reimbursements for attending meetings from IBSA, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Rottapharm, Servier, and Theramex. All other authors have stated that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rizzoli, R., Reginster, JY., Arnal, JF. et al. Quality of Life in Sarcopenia and Frailty. Calcif Tissue Int 93, 101–120 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-013-9758-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-013-9758-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation