Abstract
Rationale
Considerable evidence suggests that genetic factors combine with environmental influences to impact on the development of aggressive behavior. A genetic variant that has repeatedly been reported to render individuals more sensitive to the presence of adverse experiences, including stress exposure during fetal life, is the seven-repeat allele of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene.
Objectives
The present investigation concentrated on the interplay of prenatal maternal stress and DRD4 genotype in predicting self-reported aggression in young adults. As disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system has been discussed as a pathophysiological pathway to aggression, cortisol stress reactivity was additionally examined.
Methods
As part of an epidemiological cohort study, prenatal maternal stress was assessed by maternal interview 3 months after childbirth. Between the ages of 19 and 23 years, 298 offspring (140 males, 158 females) completed the Young Adult Self-Report to measure aggressive behavior and were genotyped for the DRD4 gene. At 19 years, 219 participants additionally underwent the Trier Social Stress Test to determine cortisol reactivity.
Results
Extending earlier findings with respect to childhood antisocial behavior, the results revealed that, under conditions of higher prenatal maternal stress, carriers of the DRD4 seven-repeat allele displayed more aggression in adulthood (p = 0.032). Moreover, the same conditions which seemed to promote aggression were found to predict attenuated cortisol secretion (p = 0.028).
Conclusions
This is the first study to indicate a long-term impact of prenatal stress exposure on the cortisol stress response depending on DRD4 genotype.
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This study was supported by grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Federal Ministry for Education and Research as part of the “Baden-Wuerttemberg Consortium for Addiction Research” and the “National Genome Research Network”.
Conflict of interest and funding
Dr. Banaschewski served in an advisory or consultancy role for Bristol Myers-Sqibb, Desitin, Lilly, Medice, Novartis, Pfizer, Shire, and Viforpharma. He received conference attendance support and conference support or received speaker’s fees from Lilly, Janssen McNeil, Medice, Novartis, and Shire. He is/has been involved in clinical trials conducted by Lilly, Shire, and Novartis. Dr. Zimmermann’s work has been funded by the BMBF, DFG, and NIAAA. Since 2010, he has received compensation for educational talks and workshops from Lundbeck, Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft, Sächsische Landesärztekammer, Park-Krankenhaus Leipzig, Servier, Janssen, GSK, Pfizer, Klinikum Chemnitz. The present work is unrelated to the above grants and relationships. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Arlette F. Buchmann and Katrin Zohsel contributed equally to this work.
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Buchmann, A.F., Zohsel, K., Blomeyer, D. et al. Interaction between prenatal stress and dopamine D4 receptor genotype in predicting aggression and cortisol levels in young adults. Psychopharmacology 231, 3089–3097 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3484-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3484-7