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Nicotine withdrawal modulates frontal brain function during an affective Stroop task

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Abstract

Background

Among nicotine-dependent smokers, smoking abstinence disrupts multiple cognitive and affective processes including conflict resolution and emotional information processing (EIP). However, the neurobiological basis of abstinence effects on resolving emotional interference on cognition remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate smoking abstinence effects on emotion–cognition interactions.

Methods

Smokers (n = 17) underwent fMRI while performing an affective Stroop task (aST) over two sessions: once following 24-h abstinence and once following smoking as usual. The aST includes trials that serially present incongruent or congruent numerical grids bracketed by neutral or negative emotional distractors and view-only emotional image trials. Statistical analyses were conducted using a statistical threshold of p < 0.05 cluster corrected.

Results

Smoking abstinence increased Stroop blood-oxygenation-level-dependent response in the right middle frontal and rostral anterior cingulate gyri. Moreover, withdrawal-induced negative affect was associated with less activation in frontoparietal regions during negative emotional information processing; whereas, during Stroop trials, negative affect predicted greater activation in frontal regions during negative, but not neutral emotional distractor trials.

Conclusion

Hyperactivation in the frontal executive control network during smoking abstinence may represent a need to recruit additional executive resources to meet task demands. Moreover, abstinence-induced negative affect may disrupt cognitive control neural circuitry during EIP and place additional demands on frontal executive neural resources during cognitive demands when presented with emotionally distracting stimuli.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Luke Poole for his assistance with data acquisition. We would also like to thank the reviewers of the manuscript for their comments and thoughtful suggestions. This research was supported by a NIDA grant R03 DA026536Z to BF.

Financial disclosures

Ms. Modlin and Ms. Kozink report no conflicts of interest. Dr. Froeliger reports having research funding from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Dr. McClernon reports funding from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and prior funding from the Atkins Foundation and an unrestricted grant from Philip Morris USA to Duke University (Dr. Jed E. Rose, PI). Dr. Wang is supported by the Paul B. Beeson Career Developmental Awards (K23-AG028982) and a National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Depression Young Investigator Award.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road, Lake View Pavilion East Suite 300, Durham, NC, 27705-4596, USA

    Brett Froeliger

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Box 2701, Durham, 27708, NC, USA

    Brett Froeliger

  3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2701, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Leslie Modlin, Rachel V. Kozink & F. Joseph McClernon

  4. Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Durham, NC, USA

    Leslie Modlin, Lihong Wang, Rachel V. Kozink & F. Joseph McClernon

  5. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2737, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Lihong Wang

  6. VISN 6 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    F. Joseph McClernon

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Correspondence to Brett Froeliger.

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Froeliger, B., Modlin, L., Wang, L. et al. Nicotine withdrawal modulates frontal brain function during an affective Stroop task. Psychopharmacology 220, 707–718 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2522-y

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