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Raising awareness of new psychoactive substances: chemical analysis and in vitro toxicity screening of ‘legal high’ packages containing synthetic cathinones

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Abstract

The world’s status quo on recreational drugs has dramatically changed in recent years due to the rapid emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS), represented by new narcotic or psychotropic drugs, in pure form or in preparation, which are not controlled by international conventions, but that may pose a public health threat comparable with that posed by substances listed in these conventions. These NPS, also known as ‘legal highs’ or ‘smart drugs’, are typically sold via Internet or ‘smartshops’ as legal alternatives to controlled substances, being announced as ‘bath salts’ and ‘plant feeders’ and is often sought after for consumption especially among young people. Although NPS have the biased reputation of being safe, the vast majority has hitherto not been tested and several fatal cases have been reported, namely for synthetic cathinones, with pathological patterns comparable with amphetamines. Additionally, the unprecedented speed of appearance and distribution of the NPS worldwide brings technical difficulties in the development of analytical procedures and risk assessment in real time. In this study, 27 products commercialized as ‘plant feeders’ were chemically characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It was also evaluated, for the first time, the in vitro hepatotoxic effects of individual synthetic cathinones, namely methylone, pentedrone, 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC) and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Two commercial mixtures (‘Bloom’ and ‘Blow’) containing mainly cathinone derivatives were also tested, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) was used as the reference drug. The study allowed the identification of 19 compounds, showing that synthetic cathinones are the main active compounds present in these products. Qualitative and quantitative variability was found in products sold with the same trade name in matching or different ‘smartshops’. In the toxicity studies performed in primary cultured rat hepatocytes, pentedrone and MDPV proved to be the most potent individual agents, with EC50 values of 0.664 and 0.742 mM, respectively, followed by MDMA (EC50 = 0.754 mM). 4-MEC and methylone were the least potent substances, with EC50 values significantly higher (1.29 and 1.18 mM, respectively; p < 0.05 vs. MDMA). ‘Bloom’ and ‘Blow’ showed hepatotoxic effects similar to MDMA (EC50 = 0.788 and 0.870 mM, respectively), with cathinones present in these mixtures contributing additively to the overall toxicological effect. Our results show a miscellany of psychoactive compounds present in ‘legal high’ products with evident hepatotoxic effects. These data contribute to increase the awareness on the real composition of ‘legal high’ packages and unveil the health risks posed by NPS.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) for financial support through Projects PestC/EQB/LA0006/2011 and Pest-OE/QUI/UI0612/2013. Maria João Valente thank FCT for her PhD Grant (SFRH/BD/89879/2012) and Diana Dias da Silva thank SAESCTN-PIIC&DT/1/2011-Norte-07-0124-FEDER-000067 financial support.

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  1. REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal

    Ana Margarida Araújo, Maria João Valente, Márcia Carvalho, Diana Dias da Silva, Félix Carvalho, Maria de Lourdes Bastos & Paula Guedes de Pinho

  2. CEBIMED, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal

    Márcia Carvalho

  3. Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Helena Gaspar

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  1. Ana Margarida Araújo
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Correspondence to Ana Margarida Araújo, Márcia Carvalho or Paula Guedes de Pinho.

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Araújo, A.M., Valente, M.J., Carvalho, M. et al. Raising awareness of new psychoactive substances: chemical analysis and in vitro toxicity screening of ‘legal high’ packages containing synthetic cathinones. Arch Toxicol 89, 757–771 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-014-1278-7

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