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Dysfunctional family functioning in high socioeconomic status families as a risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders in adoptees: the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia

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Abstract

Purpose

Earlier findings indicate that socioeconomic status (SES) of family associates with family functioning. This study examined the impacts of family functioning and genetic risk for schizophrenia on psychiatric morbidity of adoptees in families of high SES (HSES) and low SES (LSES).

Methods

The study population is a subgroup of the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Of the adoptees, 152 had high genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (HR) and 151 adoptees had low risk (LR). Of the adoptees, 185 (HR = 94, LR = 91) were raised in high-SES (HSES) families and 118 (HR = 58, LR = 60) in low-SES (LSES) families. The family SES was determined by the occupational status of the main provider of the family. The functioning of adoptive families was assessed based on Global Family Ratings (GFRs) and psychiatric disorders on DSM-III-R criteria.

Results

In the HSES families, the psychiatric morbidity of the adoptees was emphasized by HR (OR = 4.28, CI 2.14–8.56) and dysfunctional family processes (OR = 6.44, CI 2.75–15.04). In the LSES families, the adoptees´ psychiatric morbidity was almost significantly increased by HR (OR = 2.10, CI 0.99–4.45), but not by dysfunctional family processes (OR = 1.33, CI 0.53–3.34).

Conclusions

This study showed that in HSES families, dysfunctional family processes and HR for schizophrenia increased the likelihoods for the development of psychiatric disorders in adoptees. The results can be utilized in identifying risk factors in the development of psychiatric disorders and focusing preventative strategies on risk groups with acknowledging the importance of family functioning.

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Acknowledgements

We express our deepest gratitude to Pekka Tienari*, Lyman C. Wynne*, Ilpo Lahti, Juha Moring*, Mikko Naarala and Anneli Sorri for their contribution in the study design, data collection and psychiatric diagnoses of the participants in this study. *Deceased

Funding

This study (TM) was supported by Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; The Alma and K.A. Snellman Foundation, Oulu, Finland and The Emil Aaltonen Foundation, Tampere, Finland. The research work of MN is supported by ITLA—Children’s Foundation, Finland.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Oulu, Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland

    Toni Myllyaho, Karl-Erik Wahlberg & Ville Tikkanen

  2. Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, Oulu, Finland

    Virva Siira

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 26, 90014, Oulu, Finland

    Helinä Hakko, Riikka Roisko, Mika Niemelä & Sami Räsänen

  4. Social Security Institute of Finland (SSI), Helsinki, Finland

    Kristian Läksy

  5. Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland

    Mika Niemelä

  6. Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland

    Sami Räsänen

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  1. Toni Myllyaho
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Correspondence to Toni Myllyaho.

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The Finnish Adoptive Family Study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Oulu University Hospital on 2 May 1988. The study design was reviewed and reapproved on 15 October 1991 by the Ethics Committee of Oulu University Hospital. The study design was evaluated to have followed the ethical practices of the time.

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Myllyaho, T., Siira, V., Wahlberg, KE. et al. Dysfunctional family functioning in high socioeconomic status families as a risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders in adoptees: the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 57, 1367–1377 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-02016-2

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