Abstract
Identification of strengths is considered an important part of school psychological practice. However, few instruments are available to school psychologists that allow for systematic and comprehensive evaluation of a student’s emotional and behavioral strengths. School psychologists must be provided with psychometrically sound instruments that will measure students’ emotional and behavioral skills and competencies. The Behavioral and Emotional Ratings Scale (BERS) was developed in response to the need for a valid and reliable instrument for assessing and evaluating strengths, but it became evident that the single instrument was not comprehensive. The BERS has now been restandardized to create two additional scales: a parent rating scale and a youth self-report scale. The Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale-2nd Edition (BERS-2) scales now provide school psychologists with a comprehensive set of standardized instruments to assess children’s emotional and behavioral strengths. The purpose of this article is threefold: (a) to provide a brief overview of strength-based assessment in school psychological practice, (b) to discuss the development of the BERS-2, and (c) to discuss the use of the BERS-2 in school psychological practice.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606.
Browne, M. W., & Cudek, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 445–455). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Buckley, J. A., Ryser, G., Reid, R., & Epstein, M. H. (2004). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale-2 (BERS-2) Parent and Youth Rating Scales. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Epstein, M. H. (1999). The development and validation of a scale to assess the emotional and behavioral strengths of children and adolescents. Remedial and Special Education, 20, 258–262.
Epstein, M. H. (2004). Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale-2 nd Edition: A strengths-based approach to assessment. Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
Epstein, M. H., & Cullinan, D. (1998). Scale for Assessing Emotional Disturbance. Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
Epstein, M. H., Cullinan, D., Harniss, M. K., & Ryser, G. (1999). The scale for assessing emotional disturbance: Test-retest and interrater reliability. Behavioral Disorders, 24, 222–230.
Epstein, M. H., Cullinan, D., Ryser, G., & Pearson, N. (2002). Development of a scale to assess emotional disturbance. Behavioral Disorders, 28, 5–22.
Epstein, M. H., Nordness, P. D., Nelson, J. R., & Hertzog, M. (2002). Convergent validity of the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale with primary grade students. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 23, 114–121.
Epstein, M. H., Randolph, S., & Epstein, A. A. (2000). Using strength-based assessment in transition planning. Teaching Exceptional Children, 32, 50–54.
Epstein, M. H., & Sharma, J. (1998). Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale: A strengths-based approach to assessment. Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
Freidman, K. A., Leone, P. E., & Freidman, P. (1999). Strengths-based assessment of children with SED: Consistency of reporting by teachers and parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 8, 169–180.
Harniss, M. K., Epstein, M. H., Ryser, G., & Pearson, N. (1999). The Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale: Convergent validity. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 17, 4–14.
Hu, E., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
Liao, Q., Holden, E. W., & Epstein, M. H. (2002). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale (BERS). In C. Newman, C. Liberton, K. Kutash, & R. M. Friedman (Eds.), The 15 th annual research conference proceedings, a system of care for children’s mental health: Expanding the research base (pp. 467–470). Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, The Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, Research and Training Center for Children’s Mental Health.
Oswald, D. P., Cohen, R., Best, A. M., Jenson, C. E., & Lyons, J. S. (2001). Child strengths and the level of care for children with emotional and behavioral disorders. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 9, 192–199.
Powell, D. S., Batsche, C. J., Ferro, J., Fox, L., & Dunlap, G. (1997). A strength-based approach in support of multi-risk families: Principles and issues. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 17, 1–26.
Provence, S., Erikson, J., Vater, S., & Palmeri, S. (1995). Infant-Toddler Development Assessment. IDA. Chicago: Riverside Publishing.
Reid, R., Epstein, M. H., Pastor, D. A., Ryser, G. R. (2000). Strengths-based assessment differences across students with LD and EBD. Remedial and Special Education, 21, 346–355.
Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (1992). Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Synhorst, L. L., Buckley, J. A., Reid, R., Epstein, M. H., & Ryser, G. (2004). Cross informant reliability of the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale-2 nd edition (BERS-2). Manuscript submitted for publication.
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1–10.
U. S. Bureau of the Census. (2001). The statistical abstract of the United States. Washington, DC: Author.
Van Den Berg, J., & Grealish, E. (1996). Individualized services and supports through the wraparound process: Philosophy and procedures. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 5, 7–22.
Walker, H., & Severson, H. (1990). Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD). Longmont, CO: Sopris West.
Wilson, M. S., & Reschly, D. J. (1996). Assessment in school psychology training and practice. School Psychology Review, 25, 9–23.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This research was supported in part by grants from the Center for Mental Health Services and U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs. Opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the position of the funding agencies and no endorsement should be inferred.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Buckley, J.A., Epstein, M.H. The Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale-2 (BERS-2): Providing a Comprehensive Approach to Strength-Based Assessment. Contemp School Psychol 9, 21–27 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03340904
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03340904