Abstract
A brief review was conducted of past and current research and theory as well as future implications of the problem of significance and the OR. Research and theory in the field is judged to be at a choice point: advance to interesting and important problems integrated with biobehavioral research or enter a blind alley of pseudo-problems derived from computer metaphors and cognitive folk psychology.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bechterev, V. M. (1932)General Principles of Human Reflexology. New York: International Publishers. (Republished: New York: Arno Press, 1973).
Belluzzi, J. D., and Stein, L. (1977) Enkephalin may mediate euphoria and drive-reduction reward.Nature, 266, 556–558.
Boyd, G. M., and Maltzman, I. (1984) Effects of cigarette smoking on bilateral skin conductance.Psychophysiology, 23, 224–231.
Bykov, K. M. (ed.) (1958)Text-book of Physiology. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
Dawson, M. E., and Schell, A. M. (1985) Information processing and human autonomic classical conditioning. In P. K. Ackles, J. R. Jennings, and M. G. H. Coles (Eds.),Advances in Psychophysiology, Vol. 1. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, pp. 89–165.
Gale, E. N., and Ax, A. F. (1968) Long term conditioning of orienting responses.Psychophysiology, 5, 307–315.
Gerall, A. A., and Obrist, P. A. (1982) Classical conditioning of the pupillary dilation response of normal and curarized cats.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 486–491.
Grastyan, E. (1961) The significance of the earliest manifestations of conditioning. In A. Fessard, R. W. Gerard, and J. Konorski (Eds.),Brain Mechanisms and Learning. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 243–263.
Greenstein, S. M. (1984) Pleasant and unpleasant slides: Their effect on pain tolerance.Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 201–210.
Greenwald, A. G. (1972) On doing two things at once: Time sharing as a function of ideomotor compatibility.Journal of Experimental Psychology, 94, 52–57.
Hennessy, J. W., and Levine, S. (1979) Stress, arousal, and the pituitary-adrenal system: A psychoendocrine hypothesis. In S. M. Sprague and A. W. Epstein (Eds.),Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology. Vol. 8. New York: Academic Press, pp. 133–178.
Izquierdo, I., and Netto, C. A. (1985) The brain beta-endorphin system and behavior: The modulation of consecutively and simultaneously processed memories.Behavioral and Neural Biology, 44, 249–265.
Jonides, J., Naveh-Benjamin, M., and Palmer, J. (1985) Assessing automaticity.Acta Psychologica, 60, 157–171.
Kanfer, F. H., and Goldfoot, D. A. (1966) Self-control and tolerance of noxious stimulation.Psychological Reports, 18, 79–85.
Konorski, J. (1962) The role of central factors in differentiation. In R. W. Gerard and J. W. Duyff (Eds.),Information Processing in the Nervous System. Proceedings of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. Vol. III. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation.
Lashley, K. S. (1951) The problem of serial order in behavior. In L. A. Jeffress (Ed.),Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior. New York: Wiley, pp. 112–136.
Latash, L. P., Fishman, M. N. and Dallakyan, I. G. (1968) Some signs of the activity of the emotional motivation mechanisms and their correlation with the processes of the organization of action.First International Congress on Higher Nervous Activity, 799–814.
Luria, A. R. (1973) The frontal lobes and the regulation of behavior. In K. H. Pribram and A. R. Luria (Eds.),Psychophysiology of the Frontal Lobes. New York: Academic Press, pp. 3–26.
Luria, A. R., and Vinogradova, O. S. (1959) An objective investigation of the dynamics of semantic systems.British Journal of Psychology, 50, 89–105.
Lyvers, M. F., Boyd, G., and Maltzman, I. (1987) Effects of cigarette smoking on spontaneous bilateral electrodermal measures of the orienting reflex.Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 22, 7–15.
Lyvers, M., Boyd, G., and Maltzman, I. (1988) Effects of cigarette smoking on bilateral electrodermal measures of the orienting reflex.Psychophysiology, 25, 408–417.
Maltzman, I. (1971) The orienting reflex and thinking as determiners of conditioning and generalization to words. In H. H. Kendler and J. T. Spence (Eds.),Essays in Neobehaviorism: A Memorial Volume to Kenneth W. Spence. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, pp. 89–112.
Maltzman, I. (1979a) Orienting reflexes and classical conditioning in humans. In H. D. Kimmel, E. H. van Olst, and J. F. Orlebeke (Eds.),The Orienting Reflex in Humans. New York: Erlbaum, pp. 323–351.
Maltzman, I. (1979b) Orienting reflexes and significance: A reply to O’Gorman.Psychophysiology, 16, 274–283.
Maltzman, I. (1985) Some characteristics of orienting reflexes.Psychiatry, 2, 913–916.
Maltzman, I. (1987) A neo-Pavlovian interpretation of the OR and classical conditioning in humans: With comments on alcoholism and the poverty of cognitive psychology. In G. Davey (Ed.),Cognitive Processes and Pavlovian Conditioning in Humans. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 211–249.
Maltzman, I., and Raskin, D. C. (1965) Effects of individual differences in the orienting reflex on conditioning and complex processes.Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 1, 1–16.
Maltzman, I., Langdon, B., and Feeney, D. (1970) Semantic generalization without prior conditioning.Journal of Experimental Psychology, 83, 73–75.
Maltzman, I., Weissbluth, S., and Wolff, C. (1978) Habituation of orienting reflexes in repeated GSR semantic conditioning sessions.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 107, 309–333.
Maltzman, S. (1988) Visual stimuli in distraction strategies for increasing pain tolerance: The confounding of affect with other stimulus characteristics.The Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 23, 67–74.
Mishkin, M., Malamut, B., and Bachevalier, J. (1985) Memories and habits: Two neural systems. In N. M. Weinberger, J. L. McGaugh, and G. Lynch (Eds.),Memory Systems of the Brain: Animal and Human Cognitive Processes. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 65–77.
Navon, D., and Pearl, D. (1985) Preattentive processing or prefocal processing?Acta Psychologica, 6, 245–262.
Öhman, A. (1983) The orienting response during Pavlovian conditioning. In D. Siddle (Ed.),Orienting and habituation. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 315–369.
Razran, G. (1961) The observable unconscious and the inferable conscious in current Soviet psycho-physiology: Interoceptive conditioning, semantic conditioning, and the orienting reflex.Psychological Review, 68, 81–147.
Rusinov, V. S. (1973)The Dominant Focus. New York: Consultants Bureau.
Schmidt, R. A. (1988)Motor Control and Learning. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics.
Siegfried, B., Netto, C. A., and Izquierdo, I. (1987) Exposure to novelty induces naltrexone-reversible analgesia in rats.Behavioral Neuroscience, 101, 436–438.
Sokolov, E. N. (1963)Perception and the Conditioned Reflex. New York: Macmillan.
Wingard, J. A. and Maltzman, I. (1980) Interest as a predeterminer of the GSR index of the orienting reflex.Acta Psychologica, 46, 153–160.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
With a Comment by E. N. Sokolov
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Maltzman, I. The OR and significance. Pav. J. Biol. Sci. 25, 111–122 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02974265
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02974265