Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ovarian steroids and serotonin neural function

  • Published:
Molecular Neurobiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The serotonin neural system originates from ten nuclei in the mid- and hindbrain regions. The cells of the rostral nuclei project to almost every area of the forebrain, including the hypothalamus, limbic regions, basal ganglia, thalamic nuclei, and cortex. The caudal nuclei project to the spinal cord and interact with numerous autonomic and sensory systems. This article reviews much of the available literature from basic research and relevant clinical research that indicates that ovarian steroid hormones, estrogens and progestins, affect the function of the serotonin neural system. Experimental results in nonhuman primates from this laboratory are contrasted with studies in rodents and humans. The sites of action of ovarian hormones on the serotonin neural system include effects within serotonin neurons as well as effects on serotonin afferent neurons and serotonin target neurons. Therefore, information on estrogen and progestin receptor-containing neurons was synthesized with information on serotonin afferent and efferent circuits. The ability of estrogens and progestins to alter the function of the serotonin neural system at various levels provides a cellular mechanism whereby ovarian hormones can impact mood, cognition, pain, and numerous other autonomic functions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Albinsson A., Palazidou E., Stephenson J., and Andersson G. (1994) Involvement of the 5HT2 receptor in the 5HT receptor-mediated stimulation of prolactin release.Eur. J. Pharmacol. 251, 157–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alves S. E., Weiland N. G., Hastings N. B., Tanapat P., and McEwen B. S. (1997) Estradiol regulation of 5HT neurons in the dorsal raphe of the rat differs from the monkey: an analysis of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA levels.Soc. Neurosci. 23, 1222, Abstract 484.1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves S. E., Weiland N. G., Hayashi S., and McEwen B. S. (1996) Immunocytochemical (ICC) localization of nuclear progestin receptors (PR) and estrogen receptors (ER) within the rat dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN).Soc. Neurosci. 22, 618, Abstract 246.17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Artigas F., Perez V., and Alvarez E. (1994) Pindolol induces a rapid improvement of depressed patients treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors.Arch. Gen. Psych. 51, 248–251.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Attali G., Weizman A., Gil-Ad I., and Rehavi M. (1997) Opposite modulatory effects of ovarian hormones on rat brain dopamine and serotonin transporters.Brain Res. 756, 153–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avis N. E., Brambilla D., McKinlay S. M., and Vass K. (1994) A longitudinal analysis of the association between menopause and depression. Results from the Massachusetts Women’s Health Study.Ann. Epidemiol. 4, 214–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azmitia E. C. and Gannon P. J. (1986) The primate serotonergic system: a review of human and animal studies and a report onMacaca fascicularis.Adv. Neurol. 43, 407–468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bach A. W. J., Lan N. C., Johnson S. L., et al. (1988) cDNA cloning of human liver monoamine oxidase A and B: molecular basis of differences in enzymatic properties.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 4934–4938.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagdy G. (1996) Role of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor-mediated oxytocin, prolactin and ACTH/corticosterone responses.Behav. Brain Res. 73, 277–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagdy G. and Makara G. B. (1994) Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus lesions differentially affect serotonin-1A (5HT-1A) and 5HT2 receptor agonist-induced oxytocin, prolactin and corticosterone responses.Endocrinology 143, 1127–1131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagdy G. and Makara G. B. (1995) Paraventricular nucleus controls 5HT2C receptor-mediated corticosterone and prolactin but not oxytocin and penile erection responses.Eur. J. Pharmacol. 275, 301–305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft J., Cook A., Davidson D., Bennie J., and Goodwin G. (1991) Blunting of neuroendocrine responses to infusion ofL-tryptophan in women with perimenstrual mood change.Psychol. Med. 21, 305–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker E. L. and Blakely R. D. (1995) Norepinephrine and serotonin transporters. Molecular targets of antidepressant drugs, inPsychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress (Bloom F. E. and Kupfer D. J., eds.) Raven, New York, pp. 321–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayliss D. A., Seroogy K. B., and Millhorn D. E. (1991) Distribution and regulation by estrogen of progesterone receptor in hypothalamus of the cat.Endocrinology 128, 2610–2617.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behzadi G., Kalen P., Parvopassu F., and Wiklund L. (1990) Afferents to the median raphe nucleus of the rat: retrograde cholera toxin and wheat germ conjugated horseradish peroxidase tracing, and selective [3H]-aspartate labelling of possible excitatory amino acid inputs.Neuroscience 37, 77–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beitz A. J. (1982) The sites of origin of brain stem neurotensin and serotonin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus.J. Neurosci. 2, 829–843.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beitz A. J. (1990) Relationship of glutamate and aspartate to the periaqueductal gray-raphe magnus projection: analysis using immunocytochemistry and microdialysis.J. Histochem. Cytochem. 38, 1755–1765.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berridge C. W., Arnsten A. F., and Foote S. L. (1993) Noradrenergic modulation of cognitive function: clinical implications of anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioral studies in animal models.Psychol. Med. 23, 557–564.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bethea C. L. (1993) Colocalization of progestin receptors with serotonin in raphe neurons of macaque.Neuroendocrinology 57, 1–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bethea C. L. (1994) Regulation of progestin receptors in raphe neurons of steroid-treated monkeys.Neuroendocrinology 60, 50–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bethea C. L., Brown N. A., and Kohama S. G. (1996) Steroid regulation of estrogen and progestin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in monkey hypothalamus and pituitary.Endocrinology 137, 4372–4383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bethea C. L., Fahrenbach W. H., Sprangers S. A., and Freesh F. (1992) Immunocytochemical localization of progestin receptors in monkey hypothalamus: effect of estrogen and progestin.Endocrinology 130, 895–905.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bethea C. L., Hess D. L., Widmann A. A., and Henningfield J. M. (1995) Effect of progesterone on prolactin, hypothalmic B-endorphin, hypothalamic substance P, and midbrain serotonin in guinea pigs.Neuroendocrinology 61, 695–703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bethea C. L., Kohama S. G., and Pecins-Thompson M. (1996) Pituitary and brain actions of estrogen and progesterone in the regulation of primate prolactin secretion, inEstrogens, Progestins and Their Antagonists, vol 2 (Pavlik E. J., ed.), Birkhauser, Boston, pp. 3–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bialy M. and Kaczmarek L. (1996) c-Fos expression as a tool to search for the neurobiological base of the sexual behaviour of males.Acta Neurobiol. Exp.56, 567–577.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biegon A. and McEwen B. S. (1982) Modulation by estradiol of serotonin receptors in brain.J. Neurosci. 2, 199–205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biegon A., Fischette C. T., Rainbow T. C., and McEwen B. C. (1982) Serotonin receptor modulation by estrogen in discrete brain nuclei.Neuroendocrinology 35, 287–291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biegon A., Reches A., Snyder L., and McEwen B. S. (1983) Serotonergic and noradrenergic receptors in the rat brain: modulation by chronic exposure to ovarian hormones.Life Sci. 32, 2015–2021.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bitar M. S., Ota M., Linnoila M., and Shapiro B. H. (1991) Modification of gonadectomy-induced increases in brain monoamine metabolism by steroid hormones in male and female rats.Psychoneuroendocrinology 16, 547–557.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biver F., Lotstra F., Nomclus M., et al. (1996) Sex difference in 5HT2 receptor in the living human brain.Neurosci. Lett. 204, 25–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakely R. D., De Felice L. J., and Hartzell H. C. (1994) Molecular physiology of norepinephrine and serotonin transporters.J. Exp. Biol. 196, 236–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaustein J. D. and Turcotte J. C. (1989) Estradiol-induced progestin receptor immunoreactivity is found only in estrogen receptor-immunoreactive cells in guinea pig brain.Neuroendocrinology 49, 454–461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum I., Vered Y., Lifshitz A., et al. (1996) The effect of estrogen replacement therapy on plasma serotonin and catecholamines of postmenopausal women.Isr. J. Med. Sci. 32, 1158–1162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohmaker K., Eison A. S., Yocca F. D., and Mellar E. (1993) Comparative effects of chronic 8-OH-DPAT, gepirone and ipsapirone treatment on the sensitivity of somatodendritic 5HT1A autoreceptors.Neuropharmacology 32, 527–534.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourque C. W., Oliet S. H., and Richard D. (1994) Osmoreceptors, osmoreception, and osmoregulation.Frontiers Neuroendocrinol. 15, 231–274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley P. B., Engel G., Feniuk W., Fozard J. R., Humphrey P. P. A., and Middlemiss D. N. (1986) Proposals for the classification and nomenclature of functional receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine.Neuropharmacologist 25, 563–576.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown T. J., MacLusky N. J., Leranth C., Shanabrough M., and Naftolin F. (1990) Progestin receptor-containing cells in guinea pig hypothalamus: afferent connections, morphological characteristics, and neurotransmitter content.Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 1, 58–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnet P. W. J., Eastwood K. L., and Harrison P. J. (1995) The distribution of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor mRNA in human brain.Brain Res. 676, 157–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson M. and Carlsson A. (1988) A regional study of sex differences in rat brain serotonin.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 12, 53–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavazos J. E., Wang C. J., Sitoh Y. Y., Ng S. E., and Tien R. D. (1997) Anatomy and pathology of the septal region.Neuroimaging Clin. North Am. 7, 67–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celada P., Perez J., Alvarez E., and Artigas F. (1992) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors phenelzine and brofaromine increase plasma serotonin and decrease 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in patients with major depression: relationship to clinical improvement.J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 12, 309–315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chalmers D. T. and Watson S. J. (1991) Comparative anatomical distribution of 5HT1A receptor mRNA and 5HT1A binding in rat brain— a combined in situ hybridization/in vitro receptor autoradiographic study.Brain Res. 561, 51–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chevillard C., Barden N., and Saavedra J. M. (1981) Estradiol treatment decreases type A and increases type B monoamine oxidase in specific brain stem areas and cerebellum of ovariectomized rats.Brain Res. 222, 177–181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chugani D. C., Muzik O., Chakraborty P., Mangner T., and Chugani H. T. (1998) Human brain serotonin synthesis capacity measured in vivo with alpha-[c-11] methyl-L-tryptophan.Synapse 28, 33–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke C. L. (1990) Cell-specific regulation of progesterone receptor in the female reproductive system.Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 70, C29-C33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke W. P. and Goldfarb J. (1989) Estrogen enhances a 5HT1A response in hippocampal slices from female rats.Eur. J. Pharmacol. 160, 195–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke W. P. and Maayani S. (1990) Estrogen effects on 5HT1A receptors in hippocampal membranes from ovariectomized rats: functional and binding studies.Brain Res. 518, 287–291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson T. B., Cline J. M., Williams J. K., and Anthony M. S. (1997) Gonadal hormone substitutes: effects on the cardiovascular system.Osteoporosis Int. 7 (Suppl. 1), 43–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coccaro E. F., Kavoussi R. J., Oakes M., Cooper T. B., and Hauger R. (1996) 5-HT2a/2c receptor blockade by amesergide fully attenuates prolactin response to d-fenfluramine challenge in physically healthy human subjects.Psychopharmacology 126, 24–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen I. R. and Wise P. M. (1988) Effects of estradiol on the diurnal rhythm of serotonin activity in microdissected brain areas of ovariectomized rats.Endocrinology 122, 2619–2625.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cone R. I., Davis G. S., and Goy R. W. (1981) Effects of ovarian steroids on serotonin metabolism within grossly dissected and microdissected brain regions of the ovariectomized rat.Brain Res. Bull. 7, 639–644.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Couse J. F., Lindzey J., Grandien K., Gustrafsson J-A., and Korach K. S. (1997) Tissue distribution and quantitative analysis of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) messenger ribonucleic acid in the wild-type and ERα-knock-out mouse.Endocrinology 138, 4613–4621.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawley J. N., Glowa J. R., Majewska M. D. and Paul S. M. (1986) Anxiolytic activity of an endogenous adrenal steroid.Brain Res. 398, 382–385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cry M., Bosse R., and DiPaolo T. (1996) Modulation of frontal cortex 5HT2 serotonin receptors in ovariectomized rats: A model of CNS change occuring at menopause.Soc. Neurosci. 22, 1776, Abstract 698.11.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Lignieres B. and Vincens M. (1982) Differential effects of exogenous oestradiol and progesterone on mood in post-menopausal women: individual dose/effect relationship.Maturitas 4, 67–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Montigny C., Blier P., and Chaput Y. (1984) Electrophysiologically-identified serotonin receptors in the rat CNS. Effect of antidepressant treatment.Neuropharmacology 23, 1511–1520.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dennerstein L. (1996) Well being, symptoms and the menopausal transition.Maturitas 23, 147–157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Descarries L., Watkins K. C., Garcia S., and Beaudet A. (1982) The serotonin neurons in nucleus raphe dorsalis of adult rat: a light and electron microscope radiographic study.J. Comp. Neurol. 207, 239–254.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desmond N. L. and Levy W. B. (1997) Ovarian steroidal control of connectivity in the female hippocampus: an overview of recent experimental findings and speculations on its functional consequences.Hippocampus 7, 239–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Paolo T., Daigle M., Picard V., and Barden N. (1983) Effect of acute and chronic 17β estradiol treatment on serotonin and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid content of discrete brain nuclei of ovariectomized rat.Exp. Brain Res. 51, 73–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dijecks R. A., Couvee J. H., and Ruigt G. S. (1994) Long-term in vivo desipramine or estrogen treatment fails to effect serotonin-induced outward current in hippocampal pyramidal cells of the rat.Neuroscience,60, 213–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillon K. A., Gross-Isseroff R., Israeli M., and Biegon A. (1991) Autoradiographic analysis of serotonin 5HT1A receptor binding in the human brain postmortem: effects of age and alcohol.Brain Res. 554, 56–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DonCarlos L. L., Greene G. L., and Morrell J. I. (1989) Estrogen plus progesterone increases progestin receptor immunoreactivity in the brain of ovariectomized guinea pigs.Neuroendocrinology 50, 613–623.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dumas S., Darmon M. C., Delort J., and Mallet J. (1989) Differential control of tryptophan hydroxylase expression in raphe and in pineal gland: Evidence for a role of translation efficiency.J. Neurosci. 24, 537–547.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellenbogen M. A., Young S. M., Dean P., Palmour R. M., and Benkelfat C. (1996) Mood response to acute tryptophan depletion in healthy volunteers: sex differences and temporal stability.Neuropsychopharmacology 15, 465–474.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson E., Alling C., Andersch B., Andersson K., and Berggren U. (1994) Cerebrospinal fluid levels of monoamine metabolites. A preliminary study of their relation to menstrual cycle phase, sex steroids, and pituitary hormones in healthy women and in women with premenstrual syndrome.Neuropsychopharmacology 11, 201–213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson E., Hedberg M. A., Andersch B., and Sundblad C. (1995) The serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine is superior to the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor maprotiline in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome.Neuropsychopharmacology 12, 167–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fabre-Nys C., Blache D., Hinton M. R., Goode J. A., and Kendrick K. M. (1994) Microdialysis measurement of neurochemical changes in the mediobasal hypothalmus of ovariectomized ewes during oestrus.Brain Res. 649, 282–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farmer C. J., Isakson T. R., Coy D. J., and Renner K. J. (1996) In vivo evidence for progesterone dependent decreases in serotonin release in the hypothalamus and midbrain central grey: relation to the induction of lordosis.Brain Res. 711, 84–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felten D. L. and Sladek J. R. (1983) Monamine distribution in primate brain V. Monaminergic nuclei: anatomy, pathways and local organization.Brain Res. Bull. 10, 171–284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fifa E. and Fillion G. (1992) 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors.Pharmacol. Rev. 44, 401–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink G. and Summer B. E. H. (1996) Oestrogen and mental state.Nature 383, 306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischette C. T., Biegon A., and McEwen B. S. (1983) Sex differences in serotonin 1 receptor binding in rat brain.Science 222, 333–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flores G., Wood G. K., Liang J. J., Quirion R., and Srivastava L. K. (1996) Enhanced amphetamine sensitivity and increased expression of dopamine D2 receptors in postpubertal rats after neonatal excitotoxic lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex.J. Neurosci. 16, 7366–7375.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox S. R., Harlan R. E., Shivers B. D., and Pfaff D. W. (1990) Chemical characterization of neuroendocrine targets for progesterone in the female rat brain and pituitary.Neuroendocrinology 51, 276–283.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankfurt M., Renner K., Azmitia E., and Luine V. (1985) Intrahypothalamic 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine: temporal analysis of effects on 5-hydroxytryptamine content in brain nuclei and on facilitated lordosis behavior.Brain Res. 340, 127–133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller R. W. and Wong D. T. (1990) Serotonin uptake and serotonin uptake inhibition.Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 600, 68–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gereau R. W., IV, Kedzie K. A., and Renner K. J. (1993) Effect of progesterone on serotonin turnover in rats primed with estrogen implants into the ventromedial hypothalamus.Brain Res. Bull. 32, 293–300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gitlin M. J. and Pasnau R. O. (1989) Psychiatric syndromes linked to reproductive function in women: a review of current knowledge.Am. J. Psychiatry 146, 1413–1422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser J. H., Rubin B. S., and Barfield R. J. (1983) Onset of the receptive and proceptive components of feminine sexual behavior in rats following the intravenous administration of progesterone.Horm. Behav. 17, 18–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalo-Ruiz A., Liberman A. R. and Sanz-Anquela J. M. (1995) Organization of serotoninergic projections from the raphe nuclei to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat: a combined retrograde tracing and 5HT immunohistochemical study.J. Chem. Neuroanat. 8, 103–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin G. M. (1996) How do antidepressants affect serotonin receptors? The role of serotonin receptors in the therapeutic and side effect profile of the SSRIs.J. Clin. Psych. 57, 9–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin G. M., DeSouza R. J., Green A. R., and Heal D. J. (1987) The pharmacology of the behavioural and hypothermic responses of rats to 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT).Psychopharmacology 91, 506–511.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon F. T. and Soliman M. R. (1996) The effects of estradiol and progesterone on pain sensitivity and brain opioid receptors in ovariectomized rats.Horm. Behav. 30, 244–250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graeff F. G., Guimaraes F. S., De Andrade T. G., and Deakin J. F. (1996) Role of 5HT in stress, anxiety and depression.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 54, 129–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene G. L., Harris K., Bova R., Kinders R., Moore B., and Nolan C. (1988) Purification of T47D human progesterone receptor and immunochemical characterization with monoclonal antibodies.Mol. Endocrinol. 2, 714–726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene G. L., Sharma V., and Cheng L. (1996) Estrogen receptor structure and function in breast cancer cells, inGeneral Motors Accomplishments in Cancer Research (Fortner J. G. and Sharp P. A., eds.), Lippincott, Philadelphia, p. 147–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene G. L., Sobel N. B., King W. J., and Jensen E. V. (1984) Immunochemical studies of estrogen receptors.J. Steroid Biochem. 20, 51–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregoire A. J. P., Kumar R., Everitt B., Henderson A. F., and Studd J. W. W. (1996) Transdermal oestrogen for treatment of severe postnatal depression.Lancet 347, 930–933.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross-Isserof R. and Biegon A. (1988) Autoradiographic analysis of [3H]-imipramine binding in the human brain postmortem: effects of age and alcohol.J. Neurochem. 51, 528–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross-Isseroff R., Israeli M., and Biegon A. (1988) Autoradiographic analysis of [3H] desmethylimipramine binding in the human brain postmortem.Brain Res. 456, 120–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross-Isseroff R., Israeli M., and Biegon A. (1989) Autoradiographic analysis of tritiated imipramine binding in the human brain post mortem: effects of suicide.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46, 237–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gundlah C., Simon L. D., and Auerbach S. B. (1998) Differences in hypothalamic serotonin between estrous phases and gender: an in vivo microdialysis study.Brain Res. 785, 91–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halbreich U. and Tworek H. (1993) Altered serotonergic activity in women with dysphoric premenstrual syndromes.Int. J. Psychiatry Med. 23, 1–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halbreich U., Petty F., Yonkers K., Kramer G. L., Rush A. J., and Bibi K. W. (1996) Low plasma γ-aminobutyric acid levels during the late luteal phase of women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder.Am. J. Psychiatry 153, 718–720.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halbreich U., Rojansky N., Palter S., Tworek H., Hissin P., and Wang K. (1995) Estrogen augments serotonergic activity in postmenopausal women.Biol. Psychiatry 37, 434–441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halbreich U., Rojansky N., Zander K. J., and Barkai A. (1991) Influence of age, sex and diurnal variability on imipramine receptor binding and serotonin uptake in platelets of normal subjects.J. Psychiat. Res. 25, 7–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halliday G., Harding A., and Paxinos G. (1995) Serotonin and tachykinin systems, inThe Rat Nervous System, (Paxinos G., ed.), Academic, New York, pp. 929–974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heils A., Teufel A., Petri S., et al. (1995) Functional promoter and polyadenylation site mapping of the human serotonin (5HT) transporter gene.J. Neural. Transm. 102, 247–254.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hery M., Laplante E., and Kordon C. (1976) Participation of serotonin in the phasic release of LH. I. Evidence from pharmacological experiments.Endocrinology 99, 496–500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman B. J. and Mezey E. (1989) Distribution of 5HT1C receptor mRNA in adult rat brain.FEBS Lett. 247, 453–462.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holst J., Backstrom T., Hammerback S., et al. (1989) Progestin addition during oestrogen replacement therapy-effects on vasomotor symptoms and mood.Maturitas 11, 13–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houk J. C. (1997) On the role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in cognitive signal processing.Prog. Brain Res. 114, 543–552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer D. and Martin G. (1997) 5-HT receptor classification and nonemclature: towards a harmonization with the human genome.Neuropharmacology 36, 419–428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer D., Clarke D. E., Fozard J. R., et al. (1994) International union of pharmacology classification of receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin).Pharmacol. Rev. 46, 157–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer D., Pazos A., Probst A., and Palacios J. M. (1986) Serotonin receptors in the human brain. I. Characterization and autoradiographic localization of 5HT1A recognition sites. Apparent absence of 5HT1B recognition sites.Brain Res. 376, 85–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen H., Knigge U., and Warberg J. (1992) Involvement of 5HT1, 5HT2 and 5HT3 receptors in mediation of the prolactin response to serotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophan.Neuroendocrinology 55, 336–343.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen H., Knigge U., and Warberg J. (1993) Effect of serotonin receptor agonists on prolactin secretion in male rats.Neuroendocrinology 57, 401–407.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs B. L. and Azmitia E. C. (1992) Structure and function of the brain serotonin system.Physiol. Rev. 72, 165–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James M. D., Hole D. R., and Wilson C. A. (1989) Differential involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) in specific hypothalamic areas in the mediation of steroid-induced changes in gonadotropin release and sexual behavior in female rats.Neuroendocrinology 49, 561–569.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson M. D. and Crowley W. R. (1983) Acute effects of estradiol on circulating luteinizing hormone and prolactin concentrations and on serotonin turnover in individual brain nuclei.Endocrinology 113, 1935–1941.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juorio A. V., Greenshaw A. J., and Boulton A. A. (1986) Effects of acute and chronic phenelzine on regional monoamine metabolism in rats and its potentiation by deuterium substitution.Naunyn-Schmeidebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 333, 240–245.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katzenellenbogen B. S. (1996) Estrogen receptors: bioactivities and interactions with cell signaling pathways.Biol. Reprod. 54, 287–293.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katzenellenbogen J. A., O’Malley B. W., and Katzenellenbogen B. S. (1996) Tripartite steroid hormone receptor pharmacology: interaction with multiple effector sites as a basis for the cell- and promoter-specific action of these hormones.Mol. Endocrinol. 10, 119–131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawaguchi Y. (1997) Neostriatal cell subtypes and their functional roles.Neurosci. Res. 27, 1–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King T. S., Steger R. W., and Morgan W. W. (1986) Effect of ovarian steroids to stimulate region-specific hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in ovariectomized rats.Neuroendocrinology 42, 344–350.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitzman P. H. and Bishop G. A. (1994) The origin of serotoninergic afferents to the cat’s cerebellar nuclei.J. Comp. Neurol. 340, 541–550.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koler C. and Steinbusch H. (1982) Identification of serotonin and non-serotonin containing neurons of the midbrain raphe projecting to the entorhinal area and the hippocampal formation. A combined immunohistochemical and fluorescent retrograde tracing study in the rat brain.Neuroscience 7, 951–975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper G. G. J. M., Enmark E., Pelto-Huikko M., Nilsson S., and Gustafsson J-A. (1996) Cloning of a novel estrogen receptor expressed in rat prostate.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 5925–5930.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kursar J. D., Nelson D. L., Wainscott D. B., Cohen M. L., and Baez M. (1992) Molecular cloning, functional expression and pharmacological characterization of a novel serotonin receptor (5-hydroxytryptamine 2F) from rat stomach fundus.Mol. Pharmacol. 42, 549–557.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacau-Mengido I. M., Libertun C., and Becu-Villalobos D. (1996) Different serotonin receptor subtypes participate in 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced gonadotropins and prolactin release in the female infantile rat.Neuroendocrinology 63, 415–421.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ladisich W. (1974) Effect of progesterone on regional 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in the rat brain.Neuropharmacology 13, 877–883.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakoski J. M. (1988) Estrogen-induced modulation of serotonin 5HT1A mediated responses in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN).Pharmacologist 30, A126. (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibenluft E., Fiero P. L., and Rubinow D. R. (1994) Effects of the menstrual cycle on dependent variables in mood disorder research.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51, 761–781.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leranth C., MacLusky N. J., Brown T. J., Chen E. C., Redmond D. E., Jr., and Naftolin F. (1992) Transmitter content and afferent connections of estrogen-sensitive progestin receptor-containing neurons in the primate hypothalamus.Neuroendocrinology 55, 667–682.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lippert T. H., Filshie M., Muck A. O., Seeger H., and Zwirner M. (1996) Serotonin metabolite excretion after postmenopausal estradiol therapy.Maturitas 24, 37–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loric S., Launay J. M., Colas J. F., and Maroteaux L. (1992) New mouse 5HT-2 like receptor. Expression in brain heart and intestine.FEBS Lett. 312, 203–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovenberg T. W., Baron B. M., de Lecea L., et al. (1993) A novel adenylyl cyclase-activating serotonin receptor (5HT7) implicated in the regulation of mammalian circadian rhythms.Neuron 11, 449–458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luque J. M., Bleuel Z., Hendrickson A., and Richards J. G. (1996) Detection of MAO-A and MAO-B mRNAs in monkey brainstem by cross-hybridization with human oligonucleotide probes.Mol. Brain Res. 36, 357–360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majewska M. D. (1992) Neurosteroids: Endogenous bimodal modulators of the GABA-A receptor. Mechanism of action and physiological significance, inProgress in Neurobiology, Pergamon, Great Britain, p. 379–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majewska M. D., Ford-Rice F., and Falkay G. (1989) Pregnancy-induced alterations of GABA-A receptor sensitivity in maternal brain: an antecedent of post-partum “blues”?Brain Res. 482, 397–401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mani S. K., Allen J. M., Lydon J. P., et al. (1996) Dopamine requires the unoccupied progesterone receptor to induce sexual behavior in mice.Mol. Endocrinol. 10, 1728–1737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maricq A. V., Peterson A. S., Brake A. J., Myers R. M., and Julius D. (1991) Primary structure and functional expression of the 5HT3 receptor, a serotonin-gated ion channel.Science 254, 254–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Gomez M., Cruz Y., Salas M., Hudson R., and Pacheco P. (1994) Assessing pain threshold in the rat: changes with estrus and time of day.Physiol. Behav. 55, 651–657.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason P. (1997) Physiological identification of pontomedullary serotonergic neurons in the rat.J. Neurophysiol. 77, 1087–1098.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason P. and Leung C. G. (1996) Physiological functions of pontomedullary raphe and medial reticular neruons.Prog. Brain Res. 107, 269–282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maswood S., Andrade M., Caldarola-Pastuszka M., and Uphouse L. (1996) Protective actions of the 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist, DOI, on 5-HT1A receptor-mediated inhibition of lordosis behavior.Neuropharmacology 35, 497–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maswood S., Stewart G., and Uphouse L. (1995) Gender and estrous cycle effects of the 5HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, on hypothalamic serotonin.Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 51, 807–813.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews-Felton T., Corodimas K. P., Rosenblatt J. S., and Morrell J. I. (1995) Lateral habenula neurons are necessary for the hormonal onset of maternal behavior and for the display of postpartum estrus in naturally parturient female rats.Behav. Neurosci. 109, 1172–1188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen B. S. (1991) Non-genomic and genomic effects of steroids on neural activity.TIPS 12, 141–147.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKay L. I. and Cidlowski J. A. (1998) Cross-talk between nuclear factor-κB and the steroid hormone receptors: mechanisms of mutual antagonism.Mol. Endocrinol. 12, 45–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKenna K. F., Baker G. B., Coutts R. T., and Greenshaw A. J. (1992) Chronic administration of the antidepressant-antipanic drug phenelzine and itsN-acetylated analogue: effects on monoamine oxidase, biogenic amines and alpha 2-adrenoreceptor function.J. Pharm. Sci. 81, 832–835.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKinley M. J., Pennington G. L., and Oldfield B. J. (1996) Anteroventral wall of the third ventricle and dorsal lamina terminalis headquarters for control of body fluid homeostasis?Clin. Exp. Pharmacol Physiol. 23, 271–281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McQueen J. K., Wilson H., and Fink G. (1997) Estradiol-17β increases serotonin transporter (SERT) mRNA levels and the density of SERT-binding sites in female rat brain.Mol. Brain Res. 45, 13–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medina V. M., Dawson-Basoa M. E., and Gintzler A. R. (1993) 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone positively modulate spinal cord dynorphin: relevance to the analgesia of pregnancy.Neuroendocrinology 58, 310–305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson S. D., McKittrick C. R., and McEwen B. S. (1993) Autoradiographic analysis of the effects of estradiol benzoate on [3H]-paroxetine binding in the cerebral cortex and dorsal hippocampus of gonadectomized male and female rats.Brain Res. 601, 299–302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer D. C., Singh J., and Jiminez A. E. (1983) Uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in hypothalamic and limbic brain regions during the estrous cycle and the effect of neurotoxic lesions on estrous cyclicity.Brain Res. Bull. 10, 639–645.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyagawa K., Rosch J., Stanczyk F., and Hermsmeyer K. (1997a) Medroxyprogesterone interferes with ovarian steroid protection against coronary vasospasm.Nature Med. 3, 324–327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyagawa K., Vidgoff J. and Hermsmeyer K. (1997b) Ca2+ release mechanism of primate drug-induced coronary vasospasm.Am. J. Physiol. 272, H2645–2654.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molineaux S. M., Jessell T. M., Axel R., and Julius D. (1989) 5HT1C receptor is a prominent serotonin receptor subtype in the central nervious system.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 6793–6797.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morissette M., Levesque D., Belanger A., and Di Paolo T. (1990) A physiological dose of estradiol with progesterone affects striatum biogenic amines.Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 68, 1520–1526.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrell J. I., Schwanzel-Fukuda M., Fahrbach S. E., and Pfaff D. W. (1984) Axonal projections and peptide content of steroid hormone concentrating neurons.Peptides 5, 227–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mortola J. F. (1994) A risk-benefit appraisal of drugs used in the management of premenstrual syndrome.Drug Safety 10, 160–169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mortola J. F., Girton L., and Yen S. C. S. (1989) Depressive episodes in premenstrual syndrome.Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 161, 1682–1687.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishizawa S., Benkelfat C., Young S. N., et al. (1997) Differences between males and females in rates of serotonin synthesis in human brain.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4823–4824.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomura M., Ueta Y., Larsen P. J., et al. (1997) Water deprivation increases the expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide gene in the rat subfornical organ.Endocrinology 138, 4096–4100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Keane V. and Dinan T. G. (1991) Prolactin and cortisol responses to d-fenfluramine in major depression: evidence for diminished responsivity of central serotonergic function.Am. J. Psychiatry 148, 1009–1015.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Keane V., O’Hanlon M., Webb M., and Dinan T. (1991) d-Fenfluramine/prolactin response throughout the menstrual cycle: evidence for an oestrogen-induced alteration.Clin. Endocrinol. 34, 289–292.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheim G. (1983) Estrogen in the treatment of depression: neuropharmacological mechanisms.Biol. Psychiatry 18, 721–725.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orchinik M. and McEwen B. (1993) Novel and classical actions of neuroactive steroids.Res. Biochem. Inc. IX, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortega-Corona B. G., Valencia-Sanchez A., Kubli-Garfias C., et al. (1994) Hypothalamic monoamine oxidase activity in ovariectomized rats after sexual behavior restoration.Arch. Med. Res. 25, 337–340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne N. N. and Hamon M. (1988)Neuronal Serotonin. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens M. J. and Nemeroff C. B. (1994) Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: focus on the serotonin transporter.Clin. Chem. 40, 288–295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pare D. and Llinas R. (1995) Conscious and pre-conscious processes as seen from the standpoint of sleep-waking cycle neurophysiology.Neuropsychologia 33, 1155–1168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parry B. L. (1997) Psychobiology of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.Semin. Reprod. Endocrinol. 15, 55–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul S. M., Rehavi M., Skolnick P., et al. (1984) High affinity binding of antidepressants to biogenic amine transport sites in human brain and platelet: studies in depression, inNeurobiology of Mood Disorders, (Post R. M. and Ballenger J. C. eds.), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp. 846–853.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pazos A., Probst A., and Palacios J. M. (1987) Serotonin receptors in the human brain-III. Autoradiographic mapping of serotonin-1 receptors.Neuroscience 21, 97–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlstein T. B. (1995) Hormones and depression: what are the facts about premenstrual syndrome, menopause and hormone replacement therapy?Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 173, 646–653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pecins-Thompson M. and Bethea C. L. (1997) RU 486 blocks and fluoxetine augments progesterone-induced prolactin secretion in monkeys.Neuroendocrinology 65, 335–343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pecins-Thompson M. and Bethea C. L. (1998b) Ovarian steroid regulation of 5HT1A autoreceptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the dorsal raphe of rhesus macaques.Neuroscience,89, 267–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pecins-Thompson M., Brown N. A., and Bethea C. L. (1998a) Regulation of serotonin re-uptake transporter mRNA expression by ovarian steroids in rhesus macaques.Mol. Brain Res. 53, 120–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pecins-Thompson M., Brown N. A., Kohama S. G., and Bethea C. L. (1996) Ovarian steroid regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA expression in rhesus macaques.J. Neurosci. 16, 7021–7029.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peroutka S. J. (1994) Molecular biology of serotonin (5HT) receptors.Synapse 18, 241–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaff D. W., Gerlach J. L., McEwen B. S., Ferin M., Carmel P., and Zimmerman E. A. (1976) Autoradiographic localization of hormone-concentrating cells in the brain of the female rhesus monkey.J. Comp. Neurol. 170, 279–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaus J. G., Kleopoulos S. P., Mobbs C. V., Gibbs R. B., and Pfaff D. W. (1993) Sexual stimulation activates c-fos within estrogen-concentrating regions of the female rat forebrain.Brain Res. 624, 253–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Press M. F. and Greene G. L. (1988) Localization of progesterone receptor with monoclonal antibodies to the human progestin receptor.Endocrinology 122, 1165–1175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purvis C. C. and Duncan M. J. (1997) Discrete thalamic lesions attenuate winter adaptations and increase body weight.Am. J. Physiol. 273, R226-R235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapkin A. J., Morgan M., Goldman L., Brann D. W., Simone D., and Mahesh V. B. (1997) Progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone in women with premenstrual syndrome.Obstet. Gynecol. 90, 709–714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rehavi M., Sepcuti H., and Weizman A. (1987) Upregulation of imipramine binding and serotonin uptake by estradiol in female rat brain.Brain Res. 410, 135–139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiman E. M., Lane R. D., Ahern G. L., et al. (1997) Neuroanatomical correlates of externally and internally generated human emotion.Am. J. Psychiatry 154, 918–925.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renner K. and Luine V. (1986) Analysis of temporal and dose-dependent effects of estrogen on monoamines in brain nuclei.Brain Res. 366, 64–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renner K. J., Biegon A., and Luine V. N. (1985) Sex differences in long-term gonadectomized rats: monoamine levels and [3H]nitroimipramine binding in brain nuclei.Exp. Brain Res. 58, 198–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renner K. J., Krey L. C., and Luine V. N. (1987) Effect of progesterone on monoamine turnover in the brain of the estrogen-primed rat.Brain Res. Bull. 19, 195–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renner K., Allen D. L., and Luine V. (1986) Monoamine levels and turnover in brain: relationship to priming actions of estrogen.Brain. Res. Bull. 16, 469–475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro R. C., Kushner P. J., and Baxter J. D. (1995) The nuclear hormone receptor gene superfamily.Ann. Rev. Med. 46, 443–453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards J. G., Saura J., Ulrich J., and Da Prada M. (1992) Molecular neuroanatomy of monoamine oxidases in human brainstem.Psychopharmacology 106, S21-S23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rickels K., Freeman E. W., Sondheimer S., and Albert J. (1990) Fluoxetine in the treatment of premenstual syndrome.Curr. Ther. Res. 48, 161–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rittenhouse P. A., Levy A. D., Li Q., Bethea C. L., and Van de Kar L. D. (1993) Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus mediate the serotonin stimulus of prolactin secretion via 5HT1C/2 receptors.Endocrinology 133, 661–667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rojansky N., Halbreich U., Zander K., Barkai A., and Goldstein S. (1991) Imipramine receptor binding and serotonin uptake in platelets of women with premenstrual changes.Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 31, 146–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romano G. J., Krust A., and Pfaff D. W. (1989) Expression and estrogen regulation of progesterone receptor mRNA in neurons of the mediobasal hypothalamus: an in situ hybridization study.Mol. Endocrinol. 3, 1295–1300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubinow D. R. and Schmidt P. J. (1995) The treatment of premenstrual syndrome-forward into the past.N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 1574–1575.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sar M. and Stumpf W. A. (1981) Central noradrenergic neurons concentrate [3H]-oestradiol.Nature 289, 500–502.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saura J., Kettler R., Da Prada M., and Richards J. G. (1982) Quantitative enzyme radioautography with [3H]-Ro 41–1049 and [3H]-Ro 19–6327 in vitro: localization and abundance of MAO-A and MAO-B in rat CNS, peripheral organs, and human brain.J. Neurosci. 12, 1977–1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider L. S., Small G. W., Hamilton S. H., Bystritsky A., Nemeroff C. B., and Meyers B. S. (1997) Estrogen replacement and response to fluoxetine in a multicenter geriatric depression trial.Am. J. Geriat. Psych. 5, 97–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher M., Coirini H. and McEwen B. S. (1989) Regulation of high-affinity GABA-A receptors in specific brain regions by ovarian hormones.Neuroendocrinology 50, 315–320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schutzer W. E. and Bethea C. L. (1997) Lack of ovarian steroid hormone regulation of norepinephrine transporter mRNA expression in the non-human primate locus coeruleus.Psychoneuroendocrinology 22, 325–336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schutzer, W. E., Widmann A. A., and Bethea C. L. (1997) Effect of estrogen (E) and progesterone (P) on CSF concentrations of biogenic amines in pigtail macaques.Soc. Neuros. 23, 2039, Abstract 793.18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp T., McQuade R., Bramwell S., and Hjorth S. (1993) Effect of acute and repeated administration of 5HT1A receptor agonists on 5HT release in rat brain in vivo.Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 348, 339–346.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherwin B. B. (1991) The impact of different doses of estrogen and progestin on mood and sexual behavior in postmenopausal women.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 72, 336–343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherwin B. B. (1996) Menopause, early aging and elderly women, inPsychopharmacology and Women: Sex, Gender and Hormones, (Jensvold M. F., Halbreich U., and Hamiltion J. A., eds.) Americna Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp. 225–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherwin B. B. and Gelfand M. M. (1989) A prospective one-year study of estrogen and progestin in postmenopausal women: effects on clinical symptoms and lipoprotein lipids.Obstet. Gynecol. 73, 759–766.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherwin B. B. and Suranyi-Cadotte B. E. (1990) Upregulatory effect of estrogen on platelet [3H]-imipramine binding sites in surgically menopausal women.Biol. Psychiatry 28, 339–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu H. and Bray G. (1993) Effects of castration, estrogen replacement and estrus cycle on monoamine metabolism in the nucleus accumbens measured by microdialysis.Brain Res. 621, 200–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shughrue P. J., Komm B., and Merchenthaler I. (1996) The distribution of estrogen receptor-β mRNA in the rat hypothalamus.Steroids 61, 678–681.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shughrue P. J., Lane M. V., and Merchenthaler I. (1997a) Comparative distribution of estrogen receptor-α and-β mRNA in the rat central nervous system.J. Comp. Neurol. 388, 507–525.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shughrue P., Scrimo P., Lane M., Askew R., and Merchenthaler I. (1997b) The distribution of estrogen receptor-β mRNA in forebrain regions of the estrogen receptor-α knockout mouse.Endocrinology 138, 5649–5652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shughrue P. J., Lubahn D. B., Negro-Vilar A., Korach K. S., and Merchenthaler I. (1997c) Responses in the brain of estrogen receptor α-disrupted mice.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 11,008–11,012.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shughrue P. J., Sar M., and Stumpf W. E. (1992) Progestin target cell distribution in forebrain and midbrain regions of the 8-day postnatal mouse brain.Endocrinology 130, 3650–3659.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siever L. J., Kahn R. S., Lawlor B. A., Trestman R. L., Lawrence T. L., and Coccaro E. F. (1991) II. Critical issues in defining the role of serotonin in psychiatric disorders.Pharmacol. Rev. 43, 509–525.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simerly R. B. (1993) Distribution and regulation of steroid hormone receptor gene expression in the central nervous system, inAdvances in Neurology (Seil F. J., ed.), Raven, New York, pp. 207–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simerly R. B., Chang C., Muramatsu M., and Swanson L. W. (1990) Distribution of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA-containing cells in the rat brain: an in situ hybridization study.J. Comp. Neurol. 294, 76–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair-Worley L., Maswood S., Conrad-Webb H., Rudick M., and Uphouse L. (1997) Effects of estradiol benzoate on 5HT1A receptor mRNA in the mediobasal hypothalamus of female rats.Soc. Neurosci. 23, 1222, Abstract 484.2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh A. and Lucki I. (1993) Antidepressant-like activity of compounds with varying efficacy at 5HT1A receptors.Neuropharmacology 32, 331–340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner K., Fields H. L., Basbaum A. I., and Mason P. (1997) GABA-immunoreactive boutons contact identified OFF and ON cells in the nucleus raphe magnus.J. Comp. Neurol. 378, 196–204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sprouse J. S. and Aghajanian G. K. (1986) (—)-Propanolol blocks the inhibition of serotonergic dorsal raphe cell firing by 5HT1A selective agonists.Eur. J. Pharmacol. 128, 295–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinbusch H. W. M. (1981) Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat—cell bodies and terminals.Neuroscience 6, 557–618.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinbusch H. W. M. and Nieuwenhuys R. (1983) The raphe nuclei of the rat brainstem: A cytoarchitectural and immunohistochemical study, inChemical Neuroanatomy (Emson P. C. ed.), Raven, New York, p. 131–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner M. (1996) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, an update.Gen. Hos. Psychiatry 18, 244–250.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner M., Steinber S., Stewart D., et al, (1995) Fluoxetine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria.N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 1529–1534.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steriade M. (1996) Arousal: revisiting the reticular activating system.Science 272, 225–226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sterling R. J., Gasc J. M., Sharp P. J., Renoir J. M., Tuohimaa P., and Baulieu E. E. (1987) The distribution of nuclear progesterone receptor in the hypothalamus and forebrain of the domestic hen.Cell. Tissue Res. 248, 201–205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart D. F. and Boydell K. M. (1993) Psychologic distress during menopause: associations across the reproductive life cycle.Int. J. Psychiatry Med. 23, 157–162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone A. B., Pearlstein T. B., and Brown W. A. (1990) Fluoxetine in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome.Psychopharmacol. Bull. 26, 331–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su T. P., Schmidt P. J., Danaceau M., Murphy D. L., and Rubinow D. R. (1997) Effect of menstrual cycle phase on neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to the serotonin agonistm-chlorophenylpiperazine in women with premenstrual syndrome and controls.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 1220–1228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summer B. E. H. and Fink G. (1993) Effects of acute estradiol on 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine receptor subtype mRNA expression in female rat brain.Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 4, 83–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summer B. E. H. and Fink G. (1995) Estrogen increases the density of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors in the cerebral cortex and nucleus accumbens in the female rat.J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 54, 15–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summer B. E. H. and Fink G. (1997) The density of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors in forebrain is increased at pro-oestrus in intact female rats.Neurosci. Lett. 234, 7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundblad C., Hedberg M. A., and Eriksson E. (1993) Clomipramine administered during the luteal phase reduces the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome: a placebo-controlled trial.Neuropsychopharmacology 9, 133–145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka E., Baba N., Toshida K., and Suzuki K. (1993) Evidence for 5HT2 receptor involvement in the stimulation of preovulatory LH and prolactin release and ovulation in normal cycling rats.Life Sci. 52, 669–676.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanco S. A., Watson N. V., and Gorzalka B. B. (1993) Lack of effects of 5-HT3 antagonists on normal and morphine-attenuated sexual behaviors in female and male rats.Experientia 49, 238–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanco S. A., Watson N. V., and Gorzalka B. B. (1994) Effects of 5-HT3 agonists on reproductive behaviors in rats.Psychopharmacology 115, 245–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tork I. (1985) Raphe nuclei and serotonin containing systems, inThe Rat Nervous System (Paxinos G., ed.), Academic, Sydney, Australia, p. 43–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tork I. and Hornung J. P. (1990) Raphe nuclei and the serotonergic system, inThe Human Nervous System (Paxinos G. ed.), Academic, San Diego, p. 1001–1022.

    Google Scholar 

  • Travis K. A., Bockholt H. J., Zardetto-Smith A. M., and Johnson A. K. (1995) In vitro thermosensitivity of the midline thalamus.Brain Res. 686, 17–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay G. B., Tremblay A., Copeland N. G., et al. (1997) Cloning, chromosomal localization and functional analysis of the murine estrogen receptor beta.Mol. Endocrinol. 11, 353–365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai M. J. and O’Malley R. W. (1994) Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members.Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63, 451–486.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tulving E., Markowitsch H. J., Kapur S., Habib R., and Houle S. (1994) Novelty encoding networks in the human brain: positron emission tomography data.Neuro Report 5, 2525–2528.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich U., Nowara I., and Rossmanith W. G. (1994) Serotoninergic control of gonadotrophin and prolactin secretion in women.Clin. Endocrinol. 41, 779–785.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uphouse L., Colon L., Cox A., Caldarola-Pastuszka M., and Wolf A. (1996) Effects of mianserin and ketanserin on lordosis behavior after systemic treatment or infusion into the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.Brain Res. 718, 46–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valentino R. J., Foote S. L., and Page M. E. (1993) The locus coeruleus as a site for integrating corticotropin-releasing factor and noradrenergic mediation of stress responses.Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 697, 173–188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Kar L. (1991) Neuroendocrine pharmacology of serotonergic (5HT) neurons.Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 31, 289–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Kar L. D., Rittenhouse P. A., Li Q., and Levy A. D. (1996) Serotonergic regulation of renin and prolactin secretion.Behav. Brain Res. 73, 203–208.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vasko M. R., Pang I. H., and Vogt M. (1984) Involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing neurons in antinociception produced by injection of morphine into nucleus raphe magnus or onto spinal cord.Brain Res. 306, 341–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Von Korff R. W. (1979)Monoamine Oxidase: Structure Function and Altered Functions, Academic, New York, pp. 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner J. D., Martino M. A., Jayo M. J., Anthony M. S., Clarkson T. B., and Cefalu W. T. (1996) The effects of hormone replacement therapy on carbohydrate metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors in surgically postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys.Metab. Clin. Exp. 45, 1254–1262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakerley J. B., Jiang Q. B., Housham S. J., Terenzi M. G., and Ingram C. D. (1995) Influence of reproductive state and ovarian steroids on facilitation of the milk-ejection reflex by central oxytocin.Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 395, 117–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker R. F. and Wilson C. A. (1983) Changes in hypothalamic serotonin associated with amplification of LH surges by progesterone in rats.Neuroendocrinology 37, 200–205.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q.-P. and Nakai Y. (1994) The dorsal raphe nucleus: an important nucleus in pain modulation.Brain. Res. Bull. 34, 575–585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang R. Y. and Aghajanian G. K. (1977) Physiological evidence for habenula as major link between forebrain and midbrain raphe.Science 197, 89–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warembourg M., Jolivet A., and Milgrom E. (1989) Immunohistochemical evidence of the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the same neurons of the guinea pig hypothalamus and preoptic area.Brain Res. 480, 1–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webb P., Lopez G. N., Uht P. M., and Kushner P. J. (1995) Tamoxifen activation of the estrogen receptor/AP-1 pathway: potential origin for the cell-specific estrogen-like effects of antiestrogens.Mol. Endocrinol. 9, 443–456.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss G. K., Ratner A., Voltura A., Savage D., Lucero K., and Castillo N. (1994) The effect of two different types of stress on locus coeruleus alpha-2 receptor binding.Brain Res. Bull. 33, 219–221.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss J. M., Stout J. C., Aaron M. F., et al. (1994) Depression and anxiety: role of the locus coeruleus and corticotropin releasing factor.Brain Res. Bull. 35, 561–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman M. M. and Klerman G. L. (1985) Gender and depression.Trends Neurosci. 8, 416–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman M. M. and Olfson M. (1995) Depression in women: implications for health care research.Science 269, 799–808.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westlund K. N., Denney R. M., Kochersperger L. M., Rose M., and Abell C. W. (1985) Distinct monoamine oxidase A and B populations in primate brain.Science 230, 181–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westlund K. N., Denney R. M., Rose R. M., and Abell C. W. (1988) Localization of distinct monoamine oxidase A and monoamine oxidase B cell populations in human brain stem.Neuroscience 25, 439–456.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams J. B. W., Spitzer R. L., Linzer M., et al. (1995) Gender differences in depression in primary care.Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 173, 654–659.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wirz-Justice A., Hackmann E., and Lichtsteiner M. (1974) The effect of oestradiol dipropionate and progesterone on monoamine uptake in rat brain.J. Neurochem. 22, 187–189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wissink S., van Heerde E. C., van der Burg B., and van der Saag P. T. (1998) A dual mechanism mediates repression of NF-κB activity by glucocorticoids.Mol. Endocrinol. 12, 355–363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf W. A. and Schutz L. J. (1997) The serotonin 5-HT2C receptor is a prominent serotonin receptor in basal ganglia: Evidence from functional studies on serotonin-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis.J. Neurochem. 69, 1449–1458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright D. E., Seroogy K. B., Lunfergren K. H., Davis B. M., and Jennes L. (1995) Comparative localization of serotonin 1A, 1C and 2 receptor subtype mRNA in rat brain.J. Comp. Neurol 351, 357–373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yatham L. N. (1993) Is 5HT1A receptor subsensitivity a trait marker for late luteal phase dysphoric disorder? A pilot study.Can. J. Psych. 38, 662–664.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yen P. M. (1996) Dominant negative activity by estrogen and progesterone receptors, inEstrogens, Progestins and Their Antagonists, vol. 2, (Pavlik E. J., ed.), Birkhauser, Boston, pp. 153–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yonkers K. A., Gullion C., Williams A., Novak K., and Rush A. J. (1996a) Paroxetine as a treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder.J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 16, 3–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yonkers K. A., Halbreich U., Freeman E., Brown C., and Pearlstein T. (1996b) Sertraline in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.Psychopharmacol. Bull. 32, 41–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yonkers K. A., Halbreich U., Freeman E., et al. (1997) Symptomatic improvement of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with sertraline treatment. A randomized controlled trial. Sertraline premenstrual dysphoric collaborative study group.JAMA 278, 983–988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Youdim M. B. H. and Finberg J. P. M. (1991) New directions in monoamine oxidase A and B selective inhibitors and substrates.Biochem. Pharmacol. 41, 155–162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zahm D. S. and Brog J. S. (1992) On the significance of subterritories in the “accumbens” part of the rat ventral straitum.Neuroscience 50, 751–767.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Divisions of Reproductive Science and Neuroscience, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, 97006, Beaverton, OR

    C. L. Bethea, M. Pecins-Thompson, W. E. Schutzer, C. Gundlah & Z. N. Lu

  2. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health Sciences University, 97210, Portland, OR

    C. L. Bethea, M. Pecins-Thompson, W. E. Schutzer, C. Gundlah & Z. N. Lu

Authors
  1. C. L. Bethea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Pecins-Thompson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. W. E. Schutzer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. C. Gundlah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Z. N. Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bethea, C.L., Pecins-Thompson, M., Schutzer, W.E. et al. Ovarian steroids and serotonin neural function. Mol Neurobiol 18, 87–123 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02914268

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02914268

Index Entries

Search

Navigation